Primary osseous tumors of the orbit

This review article focuses on the various primary osseous tumors of the orbit. Due to overlapping clinical, radiologic, and histologic features, differentiating these entities can pose significant challenges diagnostically. In this review, emphasis is placed on key distinguishing clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics. Also described are important prognostic details, recurrence risks, and the gold standard treatment methods for each entity. Relevant genetic syndrome associations are additionally covered. Orbital bone entities discussed include osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, ossifying fibroma, fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.