<p>This study investigated the influence of cognitive (working memory, inhibitory control) and affective (mood) factors on semantic prediction in second language (L2) learners. While predictive processing was observed in first language (L1) speakers, albeit in later regions. it was largely absent at the group level among L2 learners. However, individual differences played a significant role in modulating prediction in both groups. In L2 learners, predictive effects were stronger among those with higher proficiency and better inhibitory control, whereas negative mood was more detrimental to prediction than positive mood was facilitative. For L1 speakers, inhibitory control, but not working memory, enhanced prediction, particularly in the presence of positive mood. These findings contribute novel insights by integrating affective and cognitive factors in explaining semantic prediction in L1 speakers and L2 learners.</p>