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Main conclusion <p>Na and Cu in rhizosphere soil, along with endophytic fungi such as Plectosphaerella and Hannaella, are positively correlated with the total content of 35 alkaloids in Fuzi.</p> Abstract <p>The relationships among geographical and climatic factors, soil nutrients, endophytic fungi, and alkaloids in Fuzi (<i>Aconitum carmichaelii</i> Debx.), as well as which factor predominantly affects alkaloid accumulation, remain insufficiently understood. To elucidate these interactions and optimize alkaloid production, we collected Fuzi plants and rhizosphere soil from 26 regions across China. Alkaloid profiles were analyzed using UPLC-Q–TOF–MS/MS, endophytic fungal communities by amplicon sequencing, and soil properties through standard chemical analysis. Redundancy analysis, random forest modeling, and canonical correspondence analysis revealed that geographic distance, climatic factors including average temperature and precipitation during the wettest and warmest months, and soil nutrients including available P, exchangeable Al, Cu, and Na, along with endophytic fungi such as <i>Gibberella</i> and <i>Acremonium</i> significantly influenced alkaloid composition. The total alkaloid content was positively correlated with endophytes <i>Plectosphaerella</i>, <i>Hannaella</i>, and <i>Gibellulopsis</i>, and with rhizosphere soil exchangeable Cu and Na, but negatively associated with <i>Ilyonectria</i> and exchangeable Mn. Canonical analysis showed that endophytic fungi explained 42.9% of the variation in total alkaloid composition. Network analysis further showed that individual alkaloids were primarily linked to endophytic fungi. Key fungal taxa such as <i>Rhizoctonia bicornis</i>, <i>Trichosporon coremiiforme</i>, <i>Hannaella sinensis</i>, and <i>Phoma adonidicola</i> were identified as pivotal species influencing alkaloid synthesis. These results demonstrate that endophytic fungi are the most influential factor governing alkaloid accumulation in Fuzi. The results of this study will provide practical guidance, such as cultivation methods and the application of microbial inoculants, for the production of high-quality Fuzi in different regions.</p>

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Endophytic fungi dominate alkaloid variation in Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.: insights from multiregional analysis of environmental and microbial factors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Yulong Li,
  • Mian Zhang,
  • Langjun Cui,
  • Guoyan Zhang,
  • Hua Guo

摘要

Main conclusion

Na and Cu in rhizosphere soil, along with endophytic fungi such as Plectosphaerella and Hannaella, are positively correlated with the total content of 35 alkaloids in Fuzi.

Abstract

The relationships among geographical and climatic factors, soil nutrients, endophytic fungi, and alkaloids in Fuzi (Aconitum carmichaelii Debx.), as well as which factor predominantly affects alkaloid accumulation, remain insufficiently understood. To elucidate these interactions and optimize alkaloid production, we collected Fuzi plants and rhizosphere soil from 26 regions across China. Alkaloid profiles were analyzed using UPLC-Q–TOF–MS/MS, endophytic fungal communities by amplicon sequencing, and soil properties through standard chemical analysis. Redundancy analysis, random forest modeling, and canonical correspondence analysis revealed that geographic distance, climatic factors including average temperature and precipitation during the wettest and warmest months, and soil nutrients including available P, exchangeable Al, Cu, and Na, along with endophytic fungi such as Gibberella and Acremonium significantly influenced alkaloid composition. The total alkaloid content was positively correlated with endophytes Plectosphaerella, Hannaella, and Gibellulopsis, and with rhizosphere soil exchangeable Cu and Na, but negatively associated with Ilyonectria and exchangeable Mn. Canonical analysis showed that endophytic fungi explained 42.9% of the variation in total alkaloid composition. Network analysis further showed that individual alkaloids were primarily linked to endophytic fungi. Key fungal taxa such as Rhizoctonia bicornis, Trichosporon coremiiforme, Hannaella sinensis, and Phoma adonidicola were identified as pivotal species influencing alkaloid synthesis. These results demonstrate that endophytic fungi are the most influential factor governing alkaloid accumulation in Fuzi. The results of this study will provide practical guidance, such as cultivation methods and the application of microbial inoculants, for the production of high-quality Fuzi in different regions.