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Abstract <p><i>PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4</i> (<i>PIF4</i>) plays an important role in regulating plant thermomorphogenesis. In this study, two <i>PIF4</i> homologous genes, <i>BcPIF4-1</i> and <i>BcPIF4-2</i> (<i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp. <i>CHINENSIS PIF4-1</i> and <i>PIF4-2</i>), were investigated. Amino acid sequence comparison with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> PIF4 (AtPIF4) showed that BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 had an active phytochrome B binding (APB) motif at the N-terminus and a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) domain at the C-terminus. Both <i>BcPIF4-1</i> and <i>BcPIF4-2</i> were highly expressed in the leaves of Pak choi and showed increasing expression patterns during vernalization. Subcellular localization and yeast two-hybrid analyses also showed that the three BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 proteins were localized in the nucleus and could interact with Pak choi and <i>Arabidopsis TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS</i> (<i>BcTCP</i>s and <i>AtTCP</i>s). Interestingly, transgenic approaches have shown that the overexpression of only <i>BcPIF4-1</i> in Col-0 and <i>pif4-101</i> plants results in early flowering phenotypes by upregulating the expression of <i>Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T</i> (<i>AtFT</i>). An important BcPIF4-1 motif that directly binds to the <i>AtFT</i> promoter is also suggested in this study. Furthermore, the overexpression of <i>BcPIF4-1</i> in Col-0 and <i>pif4-101</i> plants affected hypocotyl length by increasing the expression levels of <i>Arabidopsis INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 29</i> (<i>AtIAA29</i>). Our results indicate that <i>BcPIF4-1</i> isolated from Pak choi is a functional equivalent of <i>AtPIF4</i> in terms of flowering time and hypocotyl elongation, suggesting that <i>BcPIF4-1</i> is a candidate gene for developing high-temperature-insensitive Pak choi cultivars.</p> Main conclusion <p>Pak choi <i>BcPIF4-1</i> controls flowering time and hypocotyl length by affecting <i>AtFT</i> and <i>AtIAA29</i> expression, respectively in <i>Arabidopsis.</i></p>

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Overexpression of BcPIF4-1 affects flowering time and hypocotyl length by regulating AtFT and AtIAA29 expression, respectively, in Arabidopsis thaliana

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月6日

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  • Young-Cheon Kim,
  • Eun Bin Choi,
  • Gee Woo Kim,
  • Jeong Hwan Lee

摘要

Abstract

PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) plays an important role in regulating plant thermomorphogenesis. In this study, two PIF4 homologous genes, BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 (Brassica rapa subsp. CHINENSIS PIF4-1 and PIF4-2), were investigated. Amino acid sequence comparison with Arabidopsis thaliana PIF4 (AtPIF4) showed that BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 had an active phytochrome B binding (APB) motif at the N-terminus and a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) domain at the C-terminus. Both BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 were highly expressed in the leaves of Pak choi and showed increasing expression patterns during vernalization. Subcellular localization and yeast two-hybrid analyses also showed that the three BcPIF4-1 and BcPIF4-2 proteins were localized in the nucleus and could interact with Pak choi and Arabidopsis TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (BcTCPs and AtTCPs). Interestingly, transgenic approaches have shown that the overexpression of only BcPIF4-1 in Col-0 and pif4-101 plants results in early flowering phenotypes by upregulating the expression of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT). An important BcPIF4-1 motif that directly binds to the AtFT promoter is also suggested in this study. Furthermore, the overexpression of BcPIF4-1 in Col-0 and pif4-101 plants affected hypocotyl length by increasing the expression levels of Arabidopsis INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 29 (AtIAA29). Our results indicate that BcPIF4-1 isolated from Pak choi is a functional equivalent of AtPIF4 in terms of flowering time and hypocotyl elongation, suggesting that BcPIF4-1 is a candidate gene for developing high-temperature-insensitive Pak choi cultivars.

Main conclusion

Pak choi BcPIF4-1 controls flowering time and hypocotyl length by affecting AtFT and AtIAA29 expression, respectively in Arabidopsis.