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Purpose <p>Dyspnea is a neurophysiological experience that imposes cognitive load by activating cortical areas responsible for attention, emotional regulation, and motor planning. Consequently, it may compromise multi-tasking activities like driving. This study investigated whether inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) and associated dyspnea impairs simulated driving performance in young healthy adults.</p> Methods <p>28 healthy adults (mean age 24 ± 1 years) completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), and performed maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP) and spirometry. Using a repeated measures design, they completed 3 tasks in randomized and counterbalanced order: single-task ITL against a 20 cmH₂O load (ITL), single-task Driving (Drv), and dual-task Drv + ITL. Simulated driving was performed using a computer-based software where preplanned routes of comparable length and difficulty were provided. Driving error, dyspnea intensity (Borg Dyspnea Scale), ventilatory outcomes and affect (Self-Assessment Manikin [SAM]), and qualitative dyspnea descriptors were assessed at baseline and immediately after each task.</p> Results <p>Two categories of driving error, vehicle control and signal infractions, were significantly higher during dual task Drv + ITL compared to single-task Drv (p <i>≤</i> 0.048). Tidal volume, respiratory rate and minute ventilation were more variable during Drv + ITL than ITL (p <i>≤</i> 0.010). SAM affective responses indicated significantly lower sense of control (<i>p</i>= 0.018) and greater chest pressure (<i>p</i> = 0.010) during Drv + ITL versus single-task Drv. Greater MIP (inspiratory muscle strength) was correlated with lower Borg Dyspnea scores during Drv + ITL (r<i>=</i>– 0.336, <i>p</i> = 0.040).</p> Conclusion <p>Inspiratory muscle loading and associated dyspnea decreased sense of control and impaired simulated driving performance. Participants with higher inspiratory muscle strength experienced lower dyspnea intensity during dual task Drv + ITL.</p>

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Inspiratory muscle loading with dyspnea limits simulated driving performance in young adults

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月26日

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  • Mary Frost,
  • Jared So,
  • Crystal Huang,
  • Owen Kwok,
  • Ryan Lui,
  • Christopher Williams,
  • Peter Rassam,
  • Manjiri Kulkarni,
  • Anson He,
  • Dmitry Rozenberg,
  • W. Darlene Reid

摘要

Purpose

Dyspnea is a neurophysiological experience that imposes cognitive load by activating cortical areas responsible for attention, emotional regulation, and motor planning. Consequently, it may compromise multi-tasking activities like driving. This study investigated whether inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) and associated dyspnea impairs simulated driving performance in young healthy adults.

Methods

28 healthy adults (mean age 24 ± 1 years) completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), and performed maximal inspiratory pressures (MIP) and spirometry. Using a repeated measures design, they completed 3 tasks in randomized and counterbalanced order: single-task ITL against a 20 cmH₂O load (ITL), single-task Driving (Drv), and dual-task Drv + ITL. Simulated driving was performed using a computer-based software where preplanned routes of comparable length and difficulty were provided. Driving error, dyspnea intensity (Borg Dyspnea Scale), ventilatory outcomes and affect (Self-Assessment Manikin [SAM]), and qualitative dyspnea descriptors were assessed at baseline and immediately after each task.

Results

Two categories of driving error, vehicle control and signal infractions, were significantly higher during dual task Drv + ITL compared to single-task Drv (p ≤ 0.048). Tidal volume, respiratory rate and minute ventilation were more variable during Drv + ITL than ITL (p ≤ 0.010). SAM affective responses indicated significantly lower sense of control (p= 0.018) and greater chest pressure (p = 0.010) during Drv + ITL versus single-task Drv. Greater MIP (inspiratory muscle strength) was correlated with lower Borg Dyspnea scores during Drv + ITL (r=– 0.336, p = 0.040).

Conclusion

Inspiratory muscle loading and associated dyspnea decreased sense of control and impaired simulated driving performance. Participants with higher inspiratory muscle strength experienced lower dyspnea intensity during dual task Drv + ITL.