Purpose Cigarette smoking (CS) impact on cardiopulmonary function has been extensively investigated on sedentary, middle-aged smokers (SMK) with pulmonary disease, but not on young SMK with high fitness level. This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary and gas-exchange kinetics during and after moderate exercise in young, physically active SM without known diseases. Methods Ten SMK (age: 21 ± 2 year., body mass: 78 ± 6 kg; stature: 1.79 ± 0.07 m; 12 ± 5 cigarette/day for 6 ± 2 year.; mean ± SD) and twelve non-smokers (CTRL; age: 24 ± 3 year., body mass: 78 ± 9 kg; stature: 1.80 ± 0.08 m) matched also for exercise habits performed an incremental cycloergometric test to assess maximum pulmonary oxygen uptake (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) and first ventilatory threshold (VT1). After pulmonary evaluation, participants performed four 6-min moderate-intensity tests at 90% VT1. The time constant (τ) of the on- and off-phases were determined for expiratory ventilation (<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, heart rate (fH) and cardiac output (<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). Results Despite similar static lung volumes, SMK exhibited lower peak expiratory flow (-21%; P = 0.009) and maximal voluntary ventilation (-12%; P = 0.008). SMK had lower <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (3657 ± 325 vs. 3397 ± 316 ml∙min− 1 for CTRL and SMK, respectively; P = 0.009) and mechanical power at VT1 (201 ± 26 vs. 185 ± 16 W for CTRL and SMK respectively; P = 0.041). In on-phase, SMK demonstrated longer τ in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 22%; P = 0.032), <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{f}_{\text{H}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 56%; P = 0.005), <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 41%; P = 0.032), <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 47%; P = 0.007) and. In off-phase, τ in SMK was lengthened for <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 51%; P = 0.041), <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{f}_{\text{H}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 42%; P = 0.022), <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 20%; P = 0.002) and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (+ 42%; P = 0.018). Conclusion CS slowed cardiopulmonary and gas-exchange kinetics at moderate exercise even in young individuals with short smoking history.

Cigarette smoking slows the on- and the off- cardiorespiratory and gas-exchange kinetics during moderate exercise in young, physically active adults

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2026年3月9日

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Marta Borrelli,
Asia Motalli,
Christian Doria,
Nicholas Toninelli,
Stefano Longo,
Giuseppe Coratella,
Emiliano Cè,
Susanna Rampichini,
Fabio Esposito

摘要

Purpose

Cigarette smoking (CS) impact on cardiopulmonary function has been extensively investigated on sedentary, middle-aged smokers (SMK) with pulmonary disease, but not on young SMK with high fitness level. This study evaluated the cardiopulmonary and gas-exchange kinetics during and after moderate exercise in young, physically active SM without known diseases.

Methods

Ten SMK (age: 21 ± 2 year., body mass: 78 ± 6 kg; stature: 1.79 ± 0.07 m; 12 ± 5 cigarette/day for 6 ± 2 year.; mean ± SD) and twelve non-smokers (CTRL; age: 24 ± 3 year., body mass: 78 ± 9 kg; stature: 1.80 ± 0.08 m) matched also for exercise habits performed an incremental cycloergometric test to assess maximum pulmonary oxygen uptake ( \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}\) ) and first ventilatory threshold (VT₁). After pulmonary evaluation, participants performed four 6-min moderate-intensity tests at 90% VT₁. The time constant (τ) of the on- and off-phases were determined for expiratory ventilation ( \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\) ), \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\) , heart rate (f_H) and cardiac output ( \(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\) ).

Results

Despite similar static lung volumes, SMK exhibited lower peak expiratory flow (-21%; P = 0.009) and maximal voluntary ventilation (-12%; P = 0.008). SMK had lower \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2\:\text{m}\text{a}\text{x}}}\) (3657 ± 325 vs. 3397 ± 316 ml∙min^− 1 for CTRL and SMK, respectively; P = 0.009) and mechanical power at VT₁ (201 ± 26 vs. 185 ± 16 W for CTRL and SMK respectively; P = 0.041). In on-phase, SMK demonstrated longer τ in \(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\) (+ 22%; P = 0.032), \(\:{f}_{\text{H}}\) (+ 56%; P = 0.005), \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\) (+ 41%; P = 0.032), \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\) (+ 47%; P = 0.007) and. In off-phase, τ in SMK was lengthened for \(\:\dot{\text{Q}}\) (+ 51%; P = 0.041), \(\:{f}_{\text{H}}\) (+ 42%; P = 0.022), \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\) (+ 20%; P = 0.002) and \(\:{\dot{\text{V}}}_{\text{E}}\) (+ 42%; P = 0.018).

Conclusion

CS slowed cardiopulmonary and gas-exchange kinetics at moderate exercise even in young individuals with short smoking history.