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Purpose <p>Exercise-induced cardiac adaptation is well-studied in male athletes. However, evidence for longitudinal adaptation, particularly in females, is limited. This study compared cardiac adaptation between elite female and male rowers across a competitive season.</p> Methods <p>Ten females (19 ± 0.9&#xa0;years) and 11 males (20 ± 1.7&#xa0;years) were assessed across 21&#xa0;weeks at early (ES), mid- (MS), and late season (LS). Echocardiography (2D, 3D, strain), peak oxygen consumption (V̇O<sub>2</sub>peak), weekly training volume (sessions) and intensity (minutes in heart rate zones) were documented. Bayesian two-way repeated measures ANOVA assessed sex and training effects.</p> Results <p>Training volume was comparable between sexes; however, females spent less time at maximal heart rate intensity. An interaction effect for V̇O<sub>2</sub>peak demonstrated the highest value at LS in females (55.8 ± 1.6&#xa0;mL&#xa0;kg&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>) and MS in males (64.1 ± 1.6&#xa0;mL&#xa0;kg&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>). Females had smaller left ventricular (LV) 2D mass and volume with no training-induced response in either sex. A sex-specific interaction was observed for 3D LV mass: females peaked at MS (221.2 ± 20.6&#xa0;g) compared to males at LS (301.9 ± 20.9&#xa0;g). Females also had smaller LV diameter, wall thickness and right heart dimensions. Across the season, most females (67%) exhibited eccentric hypertrophy, whilst males (89%) showed concentric hypertrophy. However, classifications varied throughout the season. No sex or training effects were observed for strain.</p> Conclusion <p>Whilst sex strongly influences cardiac morphology in elite rowers, sex-specific adaptation in 3D LV mass and LV geometry changes emphasise cardiac plasticity with training in athletes.</p>

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The effects of training and sex on cardiac adaptation in elite rowers across a competitive season

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Sarah R. Henley-Martin,
  • Carly J. Brade,
  • Hugh Riddell,
  • Sophie P. Watts,
  • Andrew J. Maiorana,
  • Julie J. Collis,
  • Daniel J. Green,
  • Louise H. Naylor,
  • Martyn J. Binnie,
  • Angela L. Spence

摘要

Purpose

Exercise-induced cardiac adaptation is well-studied in male athletes. However, evidence for longitudinal adaptation, particularly in females, is limited. This study compared cardiac adaptation between elite female and male rowers across a competitive season.

Methods

Ten females (19 ± 0.9 years) and 11 males (20 ± 1.7 years) were assessed across 21 weeks at early (ES), mid- (MS), and late season (LS). Echocardiography (2D, 3D, strain), peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak), weekly training volume (sessions) and intensity (minutes in heart rate zones) were documented. Bayesian two-way repeated measures ANOVA assessed sex and training effects.

Results

Training volume was comparable between sexes; however, females spent less time at maximal heart rate intensity. An interaction effect for V̇O2peak demonstrated the highest value at LS in females (55.8 ± 1.6 mL kg min−1) and MS in males (64.1 ± 1.6 mL kg min−1). Females had smaller left ventricular (LV) 2D mass and volume with no training-induced response in either sex. A sex-specific interaction was observed for 3D LV mass: females peaked at MS (221.2 ± 20.6 g) compared to males at LS (301.9 ± 20.9 g). Females also had smaller LV diameter, wall thickness and right heart dimensions. Across the season, most females (67%) exhibited eccentric hypertrophy, whilst males (89%) showed concentric hypertrophy. However, classifications varied throughout the season. No sex or training effects were observed for strain.

Conclusion

Whilst sex strongly influences cardiac morphology in elite rowers, sex-specific adaptation in 3D LV mass and LV geometry changes emphasise cardiac plasticity with training in athletes.