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Purpose <p>To provide an updated report on the prevalence and impact of strabismus in Singapore, both in terms of visual outcomes and associated psychiatric co-morbidities.</p> Methods <p>This retrospective cohort study included 70,625 Singaporean males from January 2020 to December 2022. Subjects with strabismus and four learning/psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorder [ASD], dyslexia, attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder [ADHD], intellectual disability [ID]) were identified.</p> Results <p>The approximate prevalence of strabismus was 0.44%, with 72.23% Chinese, 12.66% Malay, and 9.74% Indian. The following misalignment patterns were noted: exotropia (70.13%), esotropia (16.88%), hypertropia (2.60%), hypotropia (0.32%), and mixed horizontal and vertical (3.90%). Myopia was found in 80.09% of exotropia and 73.08% of esotropia patients. BCVA of 6/9 or better was noted in 92.86%, with strabismic amblyopia in only 1.3%. Stereopsis was preserved in 57.79%, and diplopia was reported in 18.18%. 37.66% of patients had previous strabismus surgery, and 95.69% had BCVA of 6/9 or better. Residual tropia was noted in 89.93%, but stereopsis was preserved in 52.59% with 17.24% reporting diplopia. Pre-university certifications (A-levels and diplomas) were obtained by 68.19%, and psychiatric/learning disorders were reported in 16.56% of subjects. The OR for ASD and ID were 2.55 (1.42-4.55) and 4.55 (2.33 – 8.89), respectively in strabismus, but were insignificant for dyslexia and ADHD.</p> Conclusion <p>The prevalence of strabismus in Singapore is low. Majority of these patients have good BCVA, no diplopia, but lack stereopsis. Given the association with ASD and ID, Ophthalmologists should also monitor the learning and behaviour of children with strabismus.</p>

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Study of strabismus in young Singaporean males

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Jianbin Ding,
  • Kai Wei Aaron Tang,
  • Woon Teck Clement Tan,
  • Teck Chang Victor Koh,
  • Chee Chew Yip,
  • Tian Zhi Lim,
  • Yu Kit Jaron Yong,
  • Min Xin Liu,
  • Lian Kiat Lim

摘要

Purpose

To provide an updated report on the prevalence and impact of strabismus in Singapore, both in terms of visual outcomes and associated psychiatric co-morbidities.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 70,625 Singaporean males from January 2020 to December 2022. Subjects with strabismus and four learning/psychiatric disorders (autism spectrum disorder [ASD], dyslexia, attention deficit hypersensitivity disorder [ADHD], intellectual disability [ID]) were identified.

Results

The approximate prevalence of strabismus was 0.44%, with 72.23% Chinese, 12.66% Malay, and 9.74% Indian. The following misalignment patterns were noted: exotropia (70.13%), esotropia (16.88%), hypertropia (2.60%), hypotropia (0.32%), and mixed horizontal and vertical (3.90%). Myopia was found in 80.09% of exotropia and 73.08% of esotropia patients. BCVA of 6/9 or better was noted in 92.86%, with strabismic amblyopia in only 1.3%. Stereopsis was preserved in 57.79%, and diplopia was reported in 18.18%. 37.66% of patients had previous strabismus surgery, and 95.69% had BCVA of 6/9 or better. Residual tropia was noted in 89.93%, but stereopsis was preserved in 52.59% with 17.24% reporting diplopia. Pre-university certifications (A-levels and diplomas) were obtained by 68.19%, and psychiatric/learning disorders were reported in 16.56% of subjects. The OR for ASD and ID were 2.55 (1.42-4.55) and 4.55 (2.33 – 8.89), respectively in strabismus, but were insignificant for dyslexia and ADHD.

Conclusion

The prevalence of strabismus in Singapore is low. Majority of these patients have good BCVA, no diplopia, but lack stereopsis. Given the association with ASD and ID, Ophthalmologists should also monitor the learning and behaviour of children with strabismus.