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Background <p>Infectious keratitis (IK) is a leading cause of corneal blindness, typically caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, yet the absence of a gold standard for pathogen identification complicates timely interventions. Corneal cultures can be time-consuming and prone to false positives, highlighting the need for an automated classification system.</p> Methods <p>From March 2018 to November 2023, 1,065 diffuse pattern slit-lamp images were collected to develop a deep learning system. Five models—EfficientNet_B0, EfficientNet_V2_S, ResNet50, Vision Transformer (ViT), and DeepIK—were trained for corneal infection classification. Key evaluation metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, weighted Cohen’s Kappa, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.</p> Results <p>The EfficientNet_B0 model achieved superior performance across all metrics, with an accuracy of 75.2% (95% CI: 69.6% − 80.8%), sensitivity of 74.9% (95% CI: 69.9% − 80.3%), specificity of 93.8% (95% CI: 92.4% − 95.2%), F1-Score of 74.3% (95% CI: 68.7% − 79.8%), Kappa value of 0.689 (95% CI: 0.618–0.759), and AUC of 0.943 (95% CI: 0.920–0.962).</p> Conclusions <p>The EfficientNet_B0 model effectively identified normal eyes and four IK types, showcasing the potential of deep learning in diagnosing keratitis infections. Future enhancements with larger datasets could improve accuracy, facilitating timely treatments and better outcomes for patients.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effective automatic classification methods via deep learning for multi-type infectious keratitis diagnosis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月24日

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  • Yang Zhang,
  • Yuning Wang,
  • Yingnan Xu,
  • Weihua Yang

摘要

Background

Infectious keratitis (IK) is a leading cause of corneal blindness, typically caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, yet the absence of a gold standard for pathogen identification complicates timely interventions. Corneal cultures can be time-consuming and prone to false positives, highlighting the need for an automated classification system.

Methods

From March 2018 to November 2023, 1,065 diffuse pattern slit-lamp images were collected to develop a deep learning system. Five models—EfficientNet_B0, EfficientNet_V2_S, ResNet50, Vision Transformer (ViT), and DeepIK—were trained for corneal infection classification. Key evaluation metrics included accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, weighted Cohen’s Kappa, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

The EfficientNet_B0 model achieved superior performance across all metrics, with an accuracy of 75.2% (95% CI: 69.6% − 80.8%), sensitivity of 74.9% (95% CI: 69.9% − 80.3%), specificity of 93.8% (95% CI: 92.4% − 95.2%), F1-Score of 74.3% (95% CI: 68.7% − 79.8%), Kappa value of 0.689 (95% CI: 0.618–0.759), and AUC of 0.943 (95% CI: 0.920–0.962).

Conclusions

The EfficientNet_B0 model effectively identified normal eyes and four IK types, showcasing the potential of deep learning in diagnosing keratitis infections. Future enhancements with larger datasets could improve accuracy, facilitating timely treatments and better outcomes for patients.

Graphical Abstract