Background <p>Up to 80% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients suffer from neuromuscular disorders like critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy (CIP/CIM), requiring further rehabilitation.</p> Objective <p>This study investigates differences in the clinical course between Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and non-COVID-19 patients with CIP/CIM undergoing post-acute neurological rehabilitation (PANR) and the impact of COVID-19 on rehabilitation outcomes.</p> Methods <p>A multicenter observational study was conducted in nine German PANR facilities. The clinical course and outcome were compared between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients at rehabilitation admission and discharge. Functional outcomes were measured with the modified Ranking Scale (mRS) and the Barthel Index (BI). Functional independence was defined as either mRS Score &lt; 3 or BI &gt; 75 at discharge, discharged home without nursing support with a BI &gt; 65, or discharged to further rehabilitation (phase D). To analyze outcome predictors, Cox regression was used.</p> Results <p>A total of 323 patients (COVID-19 <i>n</i> = 166) after an ICU stay were enrolled, and outcome measures were available for 298. 56 of them achieved functional independence at discharge. COVID-19 patients had better functional scores at admission and discharge and a shorter length of stay as the non-COVID group. Pre-existing diabetes was significantly negatively associated with functioning at discharge.</p> Conclusions <p>This analysis provides the first evidence for differences and predictors of the clinical course and outcome for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients with CIP/CIM in the phase of post-acute rehabilitation. Our results offer valuable impulses for rehabilitation strategies for these patients.</p> <p><a href="https://drks.de/search/de">https://drks.de/search/de</a>, German Clinical Trials Register, ID DRKS00022845, registered on September 1, 2020.</p>