CT-based nasal width estimation for forensic facial approximation in the Northwest Indian population

Forensic facial approximation plays a crucial role in aiding human identification when conventional methods fail, particularly in cases involving skeletal remains. Among facial features, the nose holds paramount importance due to its central position in the midface, which significantly contributes to facial recognition. However, approximating nasal dimensions from skeletal structures remains a challenging aspect of forensic reconstruction. This study aimed to develop reliable, population-specific regression equations for estimating nasal width using skeletal measurements derived from CT scans, with a focus on enhancing forensic facial approximation practices in the Northwest Indian population. The study analyzed CT scan data from 361 individuals (185 males, 176 females) aged 18–80 years. Skeletal measurements of craniofacial structures, particularly around the nasal aperture, were extracted using Radiant DICOM Viewer (Version 2021.2.2, Medixant). Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to generate predictive equations for estimating nasal width. Additionally, sex-based differences were assessed to account for sexual dimorphism in craniofacial morphology. The derived regression models demonstrated strong predictive capability, with minimal differences between estimated and actual nasal widths. The average discrepancy in nasal area between the real and approximated values was approximately 5 mm². Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was observed across all key craniofacial variables (p < 0.05), supporting the use of sex-specific predictive models to improve accuracy. The regression equations developed in this study offer a reliable, population-specific method for estimating nasal width from skeletal remains. These findings have direct application in forensic facial approximation, enhancing the accuracy of facial reconstructions and emphasizing the importance of using regionally tailored, sex-specific data in forensic anthropology.