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<p>Extended reality (XR) and interactive 3D reconstructions are increasingly used in forensic and legal medicine for crime-scene work, autopsy workflows, training, remote collaboration, and courtroom communication. However, published reports often lack the evidence-grade details needed for independent technical and medico-legal scrutiny. We present FORCE-XR, a Minimum Reporting Set spanning system description, data provenance and transformations, auditability and reproducibility, integrity and chain-of-custody, validation and outcomes, human factors and safeguards, and security, privacy and governance. Using a multi-database scoping search and full-text screening, we audited 51 included studies and coded reporting completeness (Y/N/NR) across all FORCE-XR items. The audit reveals systematic reporting gaps that limit falsifiability, counter-expertise, and courtroom defensibility, particularly for reproducibility packs, logging, asset management, and integrity controls. FORCE-XR provides an operational ‘demo-to-evidence’ pathway to improve transparency, cumulative science, and trust in forensic XR artefacts. We provide pragmatic implementation guidance and a research agenda to support benchmarking, editorial uptake, and standard evolution.</p>

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FORCE-XR: Minimum reporting set for auditability, integrity, and governance of extended reality and interactive 3D reconstruction in forensic and legal medicine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Gianmarco Sirago,
  • Biagio Solarino,
  • Alessandro Dell’Erba,
  • Davide Ferorelli

摘要

Extended reality (XR) and interactive 3D reconstructions are increasingly used in forensic and legal medicine for crime-scene work, autopsy workflows, training, remote collaboration, and courtroom communication. However, published reports often lack the evidence-grade details needed for independent technical and medico-legal scrutiny. We present FORCE-XR, a Minimum Reporting Set spanning system description, data provenance and transformations, auditability and reproducibility, integrity and chain-of-custody, validation and outcomes, human factors and safeguards, and security, privacy and governance. Using a multi-database scoping search and full-text screening, we audited 51 included studies and coded reporting completeness (Y/N/NR) across all FORCE-XR items. The audit reveals systematic reporting gaps that limit falsifiability, counter-expertise, and courtroom defensibility, particularly for reproducibility packs, logging, asset management, and integrity controls. FORCE-XR provides an operational ‘demo-to-evidence’ pathway to improve transparency, cumulative science, and trust in forensic XR artefacts. We provide pragmatic implementation guidance and a research agenda to support benchmarking, editorial uptake, and standard evolution.