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Introduction <p>In the reconstructive phase of medico-legal human identification, the sex estimation is crucial in the reconstruction of the biological profile and can be applied both in identifying victims of mass disasters and in the autopsy room. Due to the inherent subjectivity associated with traditional methods, artificial intelligence, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNN) may present a competitive option.</p> Objectives <p>This study evaluates the reliability of VGG16 model as an accurate forensic sex prediction algorithm and its performance using orthopantomography (OPGs).</p> Materials and methods <p>This study included 1050 OPGs from patients at the Santa Maria Local Health Unit Stomatology Department. Using Python, the OPGs were pre-processed, resized and similar copies were created using data augmentation methods. The model was evaluated for precision, sensitivity, F1-score and accuracy, and heatmaps were created.</p> Results and discussion <p>The training revealed a discrepancy between the validation and training loss values. In the general test, the model showed a general balance between sexes, with F1-scores of 0.89. In the test by age group, contrary to expectations, the model was most accurate in the 16–20 age group (90%). Apart from the mandibular symphysis, analysis of the heatmaps showed that the model did not focus on anatomically relevant areas, possibly due to the lack of application of image extraction techniques.</p> Conclusions <p>The results indicate that CNNs are accurate in classifying human remains based on the generic factor sex for medico-legal identification, achieving an overall accuracy of 89%. However, further research is necessary to enhance the models’ performance.</p>

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Forensic sex classification by convolutional neural network approach by VGG16 model: accuracy, precision and sensitivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月24日

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  • Cristiana Palmela Pereira,
  • Mariana Correia,
  • Diana Augusto,
  • Francisco Coutinho,
  • Francisco Salvado Silva,
  • Rui Santos

摘要

Introduction

In the reconstructive phase of medico-legal human identification, the sex estimation is crucial in the reconstruction of the biological profile and can be applied both in identifying victims of mass disasters and in the autopsy room. Due to the inherent subjectivity associated with traditional methods, artificial intelligence, specifically, convolutional neural networks (CNN) may present a competitive option.

Objectives

This study evaluates the reliability of VGG16 model as an accurate forensic sex prediction algorithm and its performance using orthopantomography (OPGs).

Materials and methods

This study included 1050 OPGs from patients at the Santa Maria Local Health Unit Stomatology Department. Using Python, the OPGs were pre-processed, resized and similar copies were created using data augmentation methods. The model was evaluated for precision, sensitivity, F1-score and accuracy, and heatmaps were created.

Results and discussion

The training revealed a discrepancy between the validation and training loss values. In the general test, the model showed a general balance between sexes, with F1-scores of 0.89. In the test by age group, contrary to expectations, the model was most accurate in the 16–20 age group (90%). Apart from the mandibular symphysis, analysis of the heatmaps showed that the model did not focus on anatomically relevant areas, possibly due to the lack of application of image extraction techniques.

Conclusions

The results indicate that CNNs are accurate in classifying human remains based on the generic factor sex for medico-legal identification, achieving an overall accuracy of 89%. However, further research is necessary to enhance the models’ performance.