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<p>Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing technique that allows the production of polymer composite samples with high accuracy and smooth surface quality. This makes SLA suitable for functional surface applications. In this study, photopolymer nanocomposite surfaces reinforced with bismuth oxide (Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles were produced by SLA and evaluated in terms of surface structure, antibacterial activity, electrical properties, electromagnetic shielding, and ionizing radiation shielding performance. Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles were added to a commercial UV-curable photopolymer resin at contents of 1, 3, and 5 wt% and printed layer by layer with a layer thickness of 50&#xa0;μm. Surface structure and particle distribution were examined by SEM–EDS. The results showed good particle distribution at low Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> contents, while particle accumulation occurred at higher contents due to settling during printing. Antibacterial activity was tested according to ISO 22,196, and all Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-reinforced surfaces showed more than 99% reduction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24&#xa0;h. Surface resistivity measurements performed according to TS EN 1149-1 showed values higher than 10<sup>12</sup> Ω, indicating strong electrical insulation. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values remained below 5 dB in the 8–12&#xa0;GHz frequency range. In addition, ionizing radiation shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, and radiation protection efficiency, were theoretically calculated using WinXCOM and EpiXS. The results showed that increasing Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content improved photon attenuation, especially at low energies. Overall, Bi2O<sub>3</sub>-reinforced SLA nanocomposites provide strong antibacterial performance, electrical insulation, and improved ionizing radiation shielding, making them suitable for multifunctional surface applications.</p>

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Stereolithography-printed Bi2O3-reinforced photopolymer nanocomposite samples with antibacterial and radiation shielding properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • İlkan Özkan,
  • Nadiye Merve Aydın,
  • Ferdi Akman

摘要

Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing technique that allows the production of polymer composite samples with high accuracy and smooth surface quality. This makes SLA suitable for functional surface applications. In this study, photopolymer nanocomposite surfaces reinforced with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles were produced by SLA and evaluated in terms of surface structure, antibacterial activity, electrical properties, electromagnetic shielding, and ionizing radiation shielding performance. Bi2O3 nanoparticles were added to a commercial UV-curable photopolymer resin at contents of 1, 3, and 5 wt% and printed layer by layer with a layer thickness of 50 μm. Surface structure and particle distribution were examined by SEM–EDS. The results showed good particle distribution at low Bi2O3 contents, while particle accumulation occurred at higher contents due to settling during printing. Antibacterial activity was tested according to ISO 22,196, and all Bi2O3-reinforced surfaces showed more than 99% reduction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus after 24 h. Surface resistivity measurements performed according to TS EN 1149-1 showed values higher than 1012 Ω, indicating strong electrical insulation. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness values remained below 5 dB in the 8–12 GHz frequency range. In addition, ionizing radiation shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, and radiation protection efficiency, were theoretically calculated using WinXCOM and EpiXS. The results showed that increasing Bi2O3 content improved photon attenuation, especially at low energies. Overall, Bi2O3-reinforced SLA nanocomposites provide strong antibacterial performance, electrical insulation, and improved ionizing radiation shielding, making them suitable for multifunctional surface applications.