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<p>Since the early twentieth century, numerous complete or partial Chinese nine-nines rhymes dating from the mid-Warring States period to the eleventh century <span>ce</span> have been excavated and published in China. This article surveys all of the as-yet known examples of such nine-nines rhymes, each of which is described, transcribed, collated, annotated, and translated into English, providing a comprehensive overview of what they have in common, as well as how they differ in certain important respects. As a result, the evolution of the nine-nines rhymes can be traced over a period of nearly a millennium-and-a-half down to the Tang (618–907 <span>ce</span>) and Southern Song (1127–1279 <span>ce</span>) dynasties. Thus, it will be possible for the first time to provide a general picture of how the nine-nines rhyme changed from pre-Qin times to survive in the form it usually assumes today.</p>

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Excavated nine-nines rhymes from ancient China: a critical edition of the texts with commentary

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Xulin Zhou,
  • Joseph W. Dauben

摘要

Since the early twentieth century, numerous complete or partial Chinese nine-nines rhymes dating from the mid-Warring States period to the eleventh century ce have been excavated and published in China. This article surveys all of the as-yet known examples of such nine-nines rhymes, each of which is described, transcribed, collated, annotated, and translated into English, providing a comprehensive overview of what they have in common, as well as how they differ in certain important respects. As a result, the evolution of the nine-nines rhymes can be traced over a period of nearly a millennium-and-a-half down to the Tang (618–907 ce) and Southern Song (1127–1279 ce) dynasties. Thus, it will be possible for the first time to provide a general picture of how the nine-nines rhyme changed from pre-Qin times to survive in the form it usually assumes today.