The synergistic role of 3D printing in psoriasis: from personalized topical treatment development to advanced diagnostic modelling
摘要
Psoriasis is a long lasting autoimmune disorder of the skin that is marked by excessive cell proliferation of keratinocytes and chronic inflammation that is usually hard to treat by the traditional treatment. Although biologics and new pharmacological agents have been developed, their use is still hampered by factors like low levels of penetration through the skin, systemic effects, and the inability to deliver them on an individual basis. The use of innovative treatment and diagnostic methods is thus important. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is one of them and has since become popular to personalize treatments as well as fabricate complex scaffolds. More recent developments in 3D printing have created game-changing opportunities in the development of 3D-printed individualized topical preparations, bioengineered skin scaffolds, and patient-specific diagnostic models. The use of 3D printing technology is changing the way psoriasis is studied and developed into therapeutic approaches because it allows the creation of drug-loaded scaffolds and in vitro skin models that tightly mimic psoriatic microenvironment. Extremely sophisticated methods, like extrusion-based, inkjet and stereolithographic bioprinting, allow creating physiologically relevant skin constructs, improving the analysis of novel formulations and therapeutic reactions. The scaffold-based and scaffold-free models are also the models to fill the translational gap between the preclinical testing and clinical application of a psoriasis-on-a-chip. Together, these developments underscore the central role of 3D printing in enhancing patient-centered and clinically translatable 3D printing applications in the management of psoriasis. This review unites the concepts of pharmaceuticals, dermatology, and tissue engineering to demonstrate the way in which 3D printing is transforming the therapeutic and diagnostic approach to psoriasis. The review covers recent advances that have been made in 3D printing skin scaffolds, approaches to creating synthetic human skin, and commercial 3D in-vitro models are used to determine the safety and effectiveness of dermatological therapy.
Graphical abstract