Purpose <p>Anterior knee pain can significantly affect the quality of life of those living with it. One approach to addressing anterior knee pain involves the selective denervation of the patella to reduce afferent pain transmission, but there has been no consensus on the number, location, or origin of the nerves innervating the patella. In this study, we review existing literature on anterior knee innervation and present findings from our cadaveric dissection to provide a detailed description of the innervation of the anterior knee joint.</p> Materials and methods <p>Two independent authors reviewed the literature on anterior knee innervation from PubMed and Embase, and a sub-search was conducted on the relationship between the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) and the anterior knee compartment. Subsequently, two fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected to determine whether the saphenous nerve innervates the anterior knee compartment and to confirm, through tissue biopsies stained with laminin and beta-III-tubulin, whether previously described nerves innervate the patella.</p> Results <p>A total of 463 and 304 entries on patellar innervation and saphenous nerve anatomy, respectively, were identified through PubMed and Embase. Descriptions of the nerves innervating the patella were found to be inconsistent and are summarized. No studies identified branches of the IPBSN directly innervating the patella or patellar tendon. On cadaveric dissection, we found that anterior knee innervation comprised the nerves within the distal vastus medialis and lateralis muscles, the medial and lateral retinacular nerves, and occasionally a branch of the IPBSN that innervated the inferomedial anterior knee skin.</p> Conclusions <p>This study is the first to provide histological confirmation of patellar innervation by the IPBSN. Our findings suggest that an approach based on a positive response to differential nerve blocks, followed by resection of the nerves implicated in that anterior compartment knee pain, may be more effective in treating persistent anterior knee pain than circumferential electroablation of the patella or routine resection of the IPBSN.</p> Level of evidence <p>Level III.</p>