Simultaneous patellar tendon and anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a systematic review, meta-analysis and algorithmic approach

Isolated patellar tendon (PT) or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common injuries, yet the co-occurrence of both presents a rare challenge for clinicians. The objectives of the study are to document diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, outcomes, and complications of combined PT and ACL injuries and to develop an algorithm to guide clinicians in decision-making.

The systematic review und metanalysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting on simultaneous PT and ACL ruptures were included. Meta-analysis was performed to compare different diagnostic modalities and treatment strategies.

Thirty-six studies reporting on 56 Patients were included. 88% of patients had a concomitant injury (apart from PT and ACL) to the ipsilateral knee. Part of the diagnosis was missed in 23% of the cases. Performance of MRI significantly reduced the risk of missing a part of the injury (5% with MRI vs 69% without MRI, p < 0.001). Surgical treatment was used only for the PT in 21% of the cases and for the PT and ACL in 77% of the cases (48% one-stage, 52% two-stage surgical treatment).

Combined ACL and PT rupture is rare, and recognizing its full extent is crucial for successful management. Performing an MRI in PT rupture from high-energy trauma and diagnostic arthroscopy/arthrotomy when MRI is not done is essential. PT ruptures should be treated surgically. For ACL rupture, conservative and operative treatment, one- or two-stage surgery are possible based on the patient's profile and concomitant injuries. Based on the limited available literature, this systematic review provides a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm to assist in clinical decision-making.