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<p>High-soluble nonionic Gemini surfactants are critically important in applications such as industrial cleaning. Herein, four nonionic Gemini surfactants with varying polyoxyethylene (EO) chain lengths, denoted as S1 (<i>n</i> = 2), S2 (<i>n</i> = 4), S3 (<i>n</i> = 5), and S4 (<i>n</i> = 7), are synthesized using 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol and ethylene oxide as the raw materials. The structures of S1-S4 are confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The S1-S4 surfactants exhibit a high solubility in both acidic and alkaline solutions and a high cloud point above 65 ℃, demonstrating good high-temperature stability. The surfactant with the shortest EO chain (S1) achieves the highest surface activity, reducing the surface tension to 47.21 mN/m (at 0.1&#xa0;mol/L), while the surfactant with the longest EO chain (S4) exhibits the optimal cleaning performance with an impressive oil removal efficiency of 80.2%. Meanwhile, we systematically investigate the influence of EO chain length on surface tension, wettability, water solubility, and foaming performance. The results indicate that shorter EO chains contribute to higher surface activity, enhanced wetting performance, and reduced foam stability. In addition, the S1-S4 surfactants possess strong cleaning capabilities. This study provides a theoretical basis for the molecular design and screening of surfactants tailored for different application scenarios such as high-temperature stability, wettability optimization, and oil stain removal.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Modulating the surface activity and cleaning efficiency of hexynyl-based nonionic Gemini surfactants via ethoxylation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Youmei Xing,
  • Tao Hu,
  • Ting Ying,
  • Zhijun Zhang,
  • Chen Wang,
  • Jiani Liu,
  • Zining Liu,
  • Bin Hu,
  • Chengwen Deng,
  • Wen Xu,
  • Weihua Fang,
  • Yunjian Yin,
  • Huier Jiang,
  • Zhen Wu,
  • Guojie Wang

摘要

High-soluble nonionic Gemini surfactants are critically important in applications such as industrial cleaning. Herein, four nonionic Gemini surfactants with varying polyoxyethylene (EO) chain lengths, denoted as S1 (n = 2), S2 (n = 4), S3 (n = 5), and S4 (n = 7), are synthesized using 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-2,5-diol and ethylene oxide as the raw materials. The structures of S1-S4 are confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The S1-S4 surfactants exhibit a high solubility in both acidic and alkaline solutions and a high cloud point above 65 ℃, demonstrating good high-temperature stability. The surfactant with the shortest EO chain (S1) achieves the highest surface activity, reducing the surface tension to 47.21 mN/m (at 0.1 mol/L), while the surfactant with the longest EO chain (S4) exhibits the optimal cleaning performance with an impressive oil removal efficiency of 80.2%. Meanwhile, we systematically investigate the influence of EO chain length on surface tension, wettability, water solubility, and foaming performance. The results indicate that shorter EO chains contribute to higher surface activity, enhanced wetting performance, and reduced foam stability. In addition, the S1-S4 surfactants possess strong cleaning capabilities. This study provides a theoretical basis for the molecular design and screening of surfactants tailored for different application scenarios such as high-temperature stability, wettability optimization, and oil stain removal.

Graphical Abstract