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<p>In the present work, a chemical polymerization route was employed to synthesize polyaniline (PANI) with tailored properties through strategic variations in dopants and surfactants. The structural evolution induced by these modifications was systematically tracked via powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), and the crystallite size estimated from XRD analysis was found to vary in the range of 1.4–9.9&#xa0;nm, confirming the nanocrystalline nature of the synthesized PANI samples. Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and revealed particle sizes in the range of 30–85&#xa0;nm, indicating the formation of agglomerated nanostructures composed of smaller crystallites, while energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed phase purity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed distinctive particle size, surface features, and polycrystalline nature and SEM analysis Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify functional groups and probe the chemical structure, respectively. UV-Visible spectroscopy indicated direct and indirect bandgap energies in the ranges of 2.4–2.8&#xa0;eV and 1.41–1.47&#xa0;eV, respectively reflecting tunable optoelectronic characteristics. Thermal stability was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC). The key finding of this work lies in establishing a clear correlation between specific dopant–surfactant combinations and enhanced electrical performance. Impedance analysis demonstrated that PANI doped with HCl, and PANI incorporating H₂SO₄ as a dopant with DBSA as a surfactant exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, depicting values of 1.58 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm and 4.09 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm, respectively. This systematic approach provides new insights into the design of highly conductive PANI-based materials for applications in sensors, flexible electronics, and energy storage devices.</p>

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Chemically polymerized polyaniline: a study on the role of dopants and surfactants in modifying multi-functional properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • B. V. Sahana,
  • R. Swetha,
  • C. Kavitha,
  • M. Uday Kumar,
  • Latha Kumari

摘要

In the present work, a chemical polymerization route was employed to synthesize polyaniline (PANI) with tailored properties through strategic variations in dopants and surfactants. The structural evolution induced by these modifications was systematically tracked via powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), and the crystallite size estimated from XRD analysis was found to vary in the range of 1.4–9.9 nm, confirming the nanocrystalline nature of the synthesized PANI samples. Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and revealed particle sizes in the range of 30–85 nm, indicating the formation of agglomerated nanostructures composed of smaller crystallites, while energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed phase purity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed distinctive particle size, surface features, and polycrystalline nature and SEM analysis Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify functional groups and probe the chemical structure, respectively. UV-Visible spectroscopy indicated direct and indirect bandgap energies in the ranges of 2.4–2.8 eV and 1.41–1.47 eV, respectively reflecting tunable optoelectronic characteristics. Thermal stability was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC). The key finding of this work lies in establishing a clear correlation between specific dopant–surfactant combinations and enhanced electrical performance. Impedance analysis demonstrated that PANI doped with HCl, and PANI incorporating H₂SO₄ as a dopant with DBSA as a surfactant exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, depicting values of 1.58 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm and 4.09 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm, respectively. This systematic approach provides new insights into the design of highly conductive PANI-based materials for applications in sensors, flexible electronics, and energy storage devices.