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<p>The practical application of eugenol, a valuable bioactive compound, is significantly hindered by its inherent volatility and chemical instability. Conventional encapsulation systems often fail to provide adequate protection and lack intelligent release capabilities. This study presents an innovative solution using white beeswax as a smart shell material, leveraging its unique temperature-dependent crystalline structure for controllable release. Through systematic optimization of melt-dispersion parameters—specifically a 1:5 oil-to-water ratio, 100 mL Poloxamer F68, and 800 r/min stirring rate—we successfully fabricated eugenol-loaded microcapsules with uniform particle size (60–80&#xa0;μm). Comprehensive characterization revealed their rough surface morphology, enhanced thermal stability, and robust mechanical properties, evidenced by an average rupture force of 4.09 mN. The microcapsules demonstrated exceptional temperature-responsive behavior: providing sustained release over several days at 20&#xa0;°C while achieving complete release within hours at 45&#xa0;°C. Remarkably, the release rate could be dynamically and reversibly modulated through temperature cycling between these points, attributed to the reversible crystalline-to-amorphous transitions of the beeswax matrix. Kinetic analysis established that this intelligent release follows first-order kinetics, indicating a diffusion-dominated mechanism through the wax matrix. This work not only establishes an optimized preparation protocol but also provides fundamental insights into the release mechanisms, offering a robust platform for developing smart delivery systems with promising applications in temperature-activated food packaging and dermatological therapeutics.</p>

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Programmable release of eugenol via microencapsulation in a crystalline white beeswax matrix

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月18日

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  • Xingwei Peng,
  • Wenyun Zhou,
  • Sen Huang,
  • Anrong Yao,
  • Meng Zhou,
  • Yanping He

摘要

The practical application of eugenol, a valuable bioactive compound, is significantly hindered by its inherent volatility and chemical instability. Conventional encapsulation systems often fail to provide adequate protection and lack intelligent release capabilities. This study presents an innovative solution using white beeswax as a smart shell material, leveraging its unique temperature-dependent crystalline structure for controllable release. Through systematic optimization of melt-dispersion parameters—specifically a 1:5 oil-to-water ratio, 100 mL Poloxamer F68, and 800 r/min stirring rate—we successfully fabricated eugenol-loaded microcapsules with uniform particle size (60–80 μm). Comprehensive characterization revealed their rough surface morphology, enhanced thermal stability, and robust mechanical properties, evidenced by an average rupture force of 4.09 mN. The microcapsules demonstrated exceptional temperature-responsive behavior: providing sustained release over several days at 20 °C while achieving complete release within hours at 45 °C. Remarkably, the release rate could be dynamically and reversibly modulated through temperature cycling between these points, attributed to the reversible crystalline-to-amorphous transitions of the beeswax matrix. Kinetic analysis established that this intelligent release follows first-order kinetics, indicating a diffusion-dominated mechanism through the wax matrix. This work not only establishes an optimized preparation protocol but also provides fundamental insights into the release mechanisms, offering a robust platform for developing smart delivery systems with promising applications in temperature-activated food packaging and dermatological therapeutics.