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<p>The upcycling of eggshells as fillers in biopolymer matrices offers a sustainable pathway for developing eco-friendly biocomposites, aligning with the current research trend of producing biopolymer films from renewable feedstocks. In this study, biodegradable films based on regenerated cellulose obtained from banana stem were fabricated via the solution casting technique, incorporating varying concentrations of eggshell powder (0–3 wt %). The resulting films were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical testing, water absorption, and water contact angle analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of electrostatic interactions between calcium ions and hydroxyl groups, as well as hydrogen bonds between carbonate groups and cellulose hydroxyl groups. EDX results demonstrated an increasing calcium with increasing filler content. However, SEM micrographs revealed that filler dispersion uniformity decreased at higher loadings, as evidenced by increased surface roughness in the 3% filler-loaded films. Thermal analysis indicated that at 3% filler, the thermally stable calcium carbonate particles hindered heat transfer to the cellulose matrix, thereby elevating both the onset and endset degradation temperatures. This enhanced thermal stability was further supported by substantial char residue of 55% at 760&#xa0;°C. From a mechanical perspective, incorporation of 2% calcium carbonate yielded the highest tensile strength of 35&#xa0;MPa, representing a 64% improvement compared to neat film. These findings highlight the potential of eggshells as an effective reinforcing agent for enhancing functional properties of thermally stable regenerated cellulose-based films, thereby promoting the development of environmentally sustainable solutions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effect of eggshell fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of regenerated cellulose film

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Ene Awodi,
  • Turup Pandurangan Mohan,
  • Kanny Krishnan

摘要

The upcycling of eggshells as fillers in biopolymer matrices offers a sustainable pathway for developing eco-friendly biocomposites, aligning with the current research trend of producing biopolymer films from renewable feedstocks. In this study, biodegradable films based on regenerated cellulose obtained from banana stem were fabricated via the solution casting technique, incorporating varying concentrations of eggshell powder (0–3 wt %). The resulting films were evaluated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical testing, water absorption, and water contact angle analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of electrostatic interactions between calcium ions and hydroxyl groups, as well as hydrogen bonds between carbonate groups and cellulose hydroxyl groups. EDX results demonstrated an increasing calcium with increasing filler content. However, SEM micrographs revealed that filler dispersion uniformity decreased at higher loadings, as evidenced by increased surface roughness in the 3% filler-loaded films. Thermal analysis indicated that at 3% filler, the thermally stable calcium carbonate particles hindered heat transfer to the cellulose matrix, thereby elevating both the onset and endset degradation temperatures. This enhanced thermal stability was further supported by substantial char residue of 55% at 760 °C. From a mechanical perspective, incorporation of 2% calcium carbonate yielded the highest tensile strength of 35 MPa, representing a 64% improvement compared to neat film. These findings highlight the potential of eggshells as an effective reinforcing agent for enhancing functional properties of thermally stable regenerated cellulose-based films, thereby promoting the development of environmentally sustainable solutions.

Graphical abstract