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<p>Slick-water fracturing fluids have become widely employed in reservoir stimulation due to their low viscosity and minimal residue content. As a vital component of hydraulic fracturing systems, drag reducers play a pivotal role in reducing operational friction resistance and enhancing hydrocarbon recovery efficiency. At present, conventional powder and emulsion-based drag reducers often suffer from drawbacks such as poor solubility, slow dissolution rates, insufficient stability, and environmental concerns. In this study, a water-in-water drag reducer PFR was successfully synthesized via aqueous dispersion polymerization using acrylamide (AM) and methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) as monomers, with 2, 2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride (VA-044) as the initiator in an ammonium sulfate solution containing PDH as the dispersion stabilizer. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of key polymerization parameters, including the molecular weight of dispersion stabilizer PDH, ammonium sulfate concentration, initiator dosage, and monomer solid content/ratio, on the aqueous dispersion polymerization process. Through comprehensive optimization studies, the optimal synthesis formulation and processing conditions for PFR were successfully established. The resulting PFR exhibited a high molecular weight of up to 8.75 × 10<sup>6</sup> g/mol, near-complete solubility within 10 min, temperature resistance up to 90&#xa0;°C, a swelling inhibition rate of 78.18%, and a drag reduction rate of 78.25%. These characteristics highlight PFR’s exceptional stability, fluidity, and shear resistance and temperature resistance, positioning it as a promising candidate for enhanced oil recovery applications.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>A water-in-water drag reducer PFR for slick-water fracturing fluid was synthesized by the aqueous dispersion polymerization. It can withstand a temperature of 90 °C, dissolve almost completely within 10 min, has an anti-expansion rate of 78.18%, and a drag reduction rate of 78.25%.</p> <p></p>

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Preparation and performance evaluation of a water-in-water drag reducer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月4日

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  • Jinran Wang,
  • Wenfeng Jia,
  • Yuqi Chen,
  • Liwei Cao,
  • Jiajun Song,
  • Chenggang Xian

摘要

Slick-water fracturing fluids have become widely employed in reservoir stimulation due to their low viscosity and minimal residue content. As a vital component of hydraulic fracturing systems, drag reducers play a pivotal role in reducing operational friction resistance and enhancing hydrocarbon recovery efficiency. At present, conventional powder and emulsion-based drag reducers often suffer from drawbacks such as poor solubility, slow dissolution rates, insufficient stability, and environmental concerns. In this study, a water-in-water drag reducer PFR was successfully synthesized via aqueous dispersion polymerization using acrylamide (AM) and methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) as monomers, with 2, 2′-azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride (VA-044) as the initiator in an ammonium sulfate solution containing PDH as the dispersion stabilizer. A systematic investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of key polymerization parameters, including the molecular weight of dispersion stabilizer PDH, ammonium sulfate concentration, initiator dosage, and monomer solid content/ratio, on the aqueous dispersion polymerization process. Through comprehensive optimization studies, the optimal synthesis formulation and processing conditions for PFR were successfully established. The resulting PFR exhibited a high molecular weight of up to 8.75 × 106 g/mol, near-complete solubility within 10 min, temperature resistance up to 90 °C, a swelling inhibition rate of 78.18%, and a drag reduction rate of 78.25%. These characteristics highlight PFR’s exceptional stability, fluidity, and shear resistance and temperature resistance, positioning it as a promising candidate for enhanced oil recovery applications.

Graphical Abstract

A water-in-water drag reducer PFR for slick-water fracturing fluid was synthesized by the aqueous dispersion polymerization. It can withstand a temperature of 90 °C, dissolve almost completely within 10 min, has an anti-expansion rate of 78.18%, and a drag reduction rate of 78.25%.