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Background and objective <p>Plant-based diet (PBD) followers are growing worldwide. The aim was to explore the dietary profile of PBDs, taking the omnivorous (OMN) diet as a reference.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 760 participants were included, of whom 161 self-identified as vegan, ovo-lacto-vegetarian, or pesco-vegetarian. Intakes of 175 foods, assessed through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), were adjusted for energy intake. The intake of 32 food groups was compared across diet types using Kruskal–Wallis and post-hoc tests. Adherence to established a priori dietary patterns (Pro-vegetarian, Mediterranean, and EAT-Lancet) diet was assessed. A posteriori dietary patterns were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA), k-means and hierarchical clustering, amongst others.</p> Results <p>Per 1000&#xa0;kcal, daily mean intakes of legumes (&gt; 48.2&#xa0;g), vegetables/mushrooms (&gt; 209.9&#xa0;g), nuts (&gt; 10.2&#xa0;g), and whole grains (&gt; 24.7&#xa0;g) were higher in the PBD groups than OMN (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The three a priori dietary indices were inter-correlated (rho = 0.4–0.6) and OMN scored lower than the PBD groups (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). PCA revealed a PBD-like pattern (variance: 15.0%), an unhealthy (7.2%), and a mixed animal-PBD pattern (5.5%). The clustering methods identified similar groupings of the PBD participants, and a group of PBD-like OMN (N = 61). The latter, compared with the other OMN patterns, showed significantly lower intakes of milk (48.0 vs. &gt; 95.2&#xa0;ml), red meat (13.9 vs. &gt; 17.8&#xa0;g), processed meat (9.0 vs. &gt; 14.0&#xa0;g), and precooked foods (9.0 vs. &gt; 12.2&#xa0;g), alongside higher intakes of whole grains (25.5 vs. &lt; 20.8&#xa0;g), nuts (13.8 vs. &lt; 8.3&#xa0;g), and vegetables (207.7 vs. &lt; 161.3&#xa0;g).</p> Conclusions <p>Thus, food choices between OMN, vegetarians and vegans differ, beyond the exclusion of animal foods. PBDs present common characteristics despite their diversity, and some OMN share these dietary features.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Omnivorous and plant-based dietary patterns: a comparative analysis using data-driven and index-based approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Eduardo Casas-Albertos,
  • Noelia María Rodríguez-Martín,
  • Ángela Alcalá-Santiago,
  • Beatriz Sarriá,
  • Mireia Obón-Santacana,
  • Belén García-Villanova,
  • María Dolores Ruiz-López,
  • Mar Requena-Mullor,
  • Ana Jimenez-Zabala,
  • Miguel Rodriguez-Barranco,
  • María-José Sánchez,
  • Adela Castelló-Pastor,
  • Esther Molina-Montes

摘要

Background and objective

Plant-based diet (PBD) followers are growing worldwide. The aim was to explore the dietary profile of PBDs, taking the omnivorous (OMN) diet as a reference.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out. A total of 760 participants were included, of whom 161 self-identified as vegan, ovo-lacto-vegetarian, or pesco-vegetarian. Intakes of 175 foods, assessed through a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), were adjusted for energy intake. The intake of 32 food groups was compared across diet types using Kruskal–Wallis and post-hoc tests. Adherence to established a priori dietary patterns (Pro-vegetarian, Mediterranean, and EAT-Lancet) diet was assessed. A posteriori dietary patterns were characterized using principal component analysis (PCA), k-means and hierarchical clustering, amongst others.

Results

Per 1000 kcal, daily mean intakes of legumes (> 48.2 g), vegetables/mushrooms (> 209.9 g), nuts (> 10.2 g), and whole grains (> 24.7 g) were higher in the PBD groups than OMN (p < 0.001). The three a priori dietary indices were inter-correlated (rho = 0.4–0.6) and OMN scored lower than the PBD groups (p < 0.001). PCA revealed a PBD-like pattern (variance: 15.0%), an unhealthy (7.2%), and a mixed animal-PBD pattern (5.5%). The clustering methods identified similar groupings of the PBD participants, and a group of PBD-like OMN (N = 61). The latter, compared with the other OMN patterns, showed significantly lower intakes of milk (48.0 vs. > 95.2 ml), red meat (13.9 vs. > 17.8 g), processed meat (9.0 vs. > 14.0 g), and precooked foods (9.0 vs. > 12.2 g), alongside higher intakes of whole grains (25.5 vs. < 20.8 g), nuts (13.8 vs. < 8.3 g), and vegetables (207.7 vs. < 161.3 g).

Conclusions

Thus, food choices between OMN, vegetarians and vegans differ, beyond the exclusion of animal foods. PBDs present common characteristics despite their diversity, and some OMN share these dietary features.

Graphical abstract