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Purpose <p>To investigate the associations between children’s breakfast habits and sociodemographic factors with overweight in preschool children.</p> Methods <p>The analysis used data from 6451 European preschoolers and their parents participating in the ToyBox-study. Children’s weight and height were measured, and family sociodemographic data were collected using standardised questionnaires. International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to categorise children’s weight status. The associations between children’s breakfast habits, weight status and family sociodemographic characteristics were analysed using multiple logistic regression. In addition, mediation analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that children’s breakfast habits mediate the association of selected sociodemographic factors and weight status.</p> Results <p>Girls were more likely than boys to skip breakfast daily (16.7% vs 12.4%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and were at a higher risk of being overweight (17.1% vs 12.4%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Children whose mothers’ years of education were more than 14&#xa0;years were more likely to consume breakfast daily (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.20; 1.78)) and less likely to be overweight (0.73 (95% CI 0.60; 0.88)) compared to children of mothers with lower levels of education. Girls (1.48 (95% CI 1.26; 1.73)) and children whose mother (1.71 (95% CI 1.44; 2.02)) or father (1.78 (95% CI 1.49; 2.14)) was overweight were more likely to be overweight. After adjusting for confounding factors, no mediation of preschool children’s breakfast habits was found in the association between family sociodemographic factors and children’s weight status.</p> Conclusion <p>The lower likelihood of being overweight among children aged 3.5–5.5 was associated with medium and high mothers’ education and non-overweight parents.</p> Clinical Trial and Study Registration <p>The ToyBox-study is registered with the clinical trials registry: clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02116296; 2014-04-15.</p>

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Associations among family sociodemographic factors, breakfast habits, and weight status in preschool children and the mediating role of breakfast habits: the ToyBox-study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Aneta Kotowska,
  • Zbigniew Kułaga,
  • Piotr Socha,
  • Violeta Iotova,
  • Sonya Galcheva,
  • Greet Cardon,
  • Marieke De Craemer,
  • Odysseas Androutsos,
  • Natalia Giménez-Legarre,
  • Berthold Koletzko,
  • Yannis Manios,
  • Yannis Manios,
  • Odysseas Androutsos,
  • Yannis Manios,
  • Berthold Koletzko,
  • Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij,
  • Mai Chin A. Paw,
  • Luis Moreno,
  • Carolyn Summerbell,
  • Tim Lobstein,
  • Lieven Annemans,
  • Goof Buijs,
  • John Reilly,
  • Boyd Swinburn,
  • Dianne Ward,
  • Yannis Manios,
  • Odysseas Androutsos,
  • Eva Grammatikaki,
  • Christina Katsarou,
  • Eftychia Apostolidou,
  • Anastasia Livaniou,
  • Eirini Efstathopoulou,
  • Paraskevi-Eirini Siatitsa,
  • Angeliki Giannopoulou,
  • Effie Argyri,
  • Konstantina Maragkopoulou,
  • Athanasios Douligeris,
  • Roula Koutsi,
  • Berthold Koletzko,
  • Kristin Duvinage,
  • Sabine Ibrügger,
  • Angelika Strauß,
  • Birgit Herbert,
  • Julia Birnbaum,
  • Annette Payr,
  • Christine Geyer,
  • Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij,
  • Greet Cardon,
  • Marieke De Craemer,
  • Ellen De Decker,
  • Lieven Annemans,
  • Stefaan De Henauw,
  • Lea Maes,
  • Carine Vereecken,
  • Jo Van Assche,
  • Lore Pil,
  • Mai Chin A. Paw,
  • Saskia te Velde,
  • Luis Moreno,
  • Theodora Mouratidou,
  • Juan Fernandez,
  • Maribel Mesana,
  • Pilar De Miguel-Etayo,
  • Esther M. González-Gil,
  • Luis Gracia-Marco,
  • Beatriz Oves,
  • Agneta Yngve,
  • Susanna Kugelberg,
  • Christel Lynch,
  • Annhild Mosdøl,
  • Bente B. Nilsen,
  • Carolyn Summerbell,
  • Helen Moore,
  • Wayne Douthwaite,
  • Catherine Nixon,
  • Susanne Kreichauf,
  • Andreas Wildgruber,
  • Piotr Socha,
  • Zbigniew Kulaga,
  • Kamila Zych,
  • Magdalena Góźdź,
  • Beata Gurzkowska,
  • Katarzyna Szott,
  • Violeta Iotova,
  • Mina Lateva,
  • Natalya Usheva,
  • Sonya Galcheva,
  • Vanya Marinova,
  • Zhaneta Radkova,
  • Nevyana Feschieva,
  • Tim Lobstein,
  • Andrea Aikenhead,
  • Goof Buijs,
  • Annemiek Dorgelo,
  • Aviva Nethe,
  • Jan Jansen,
  • Otto Gmeiner,
  • Jutta Retterath,
  • Julia Wildeis,
  • Axel Günthersberger,
  • Leigh Gibson,
  • Claus Voegele

摘要

Purpose

To investigate the associations between children’s breakfast habits and sociodemographic factors with overweight in preschool children.

Methods

The analysis used data from 6451 European preschoolers and their parents participating in the ToyBox-study. Children’s weight and height were measured, and family sociodemographic data were collected using standardised questionnaires. International Obesity Task Force cut-off points were used to categorise children’s weight status. The associations between children’s breakfast habits, weight status and family sociodemographic characteristics were analysed using multiple logistic regression. In addition, mediation analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that children’s breakfast habits mediate the association of selected sociodemographic factors and weight status.

Results

Girls were more likely than boys to skip breakfast daily (16.7% vs 12.4%; p < 0.01) and were at a higher risk of being overweight (17.1% vs 12.4%; p < 0.01). Children whose mothers’ years of education were more than 14 years were more likely to consume breakfast daily (OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.20; 1.78)) and less likely to be overweight (0.73 (95% CI 0.60; 0.88)) compared to children of mothers with lower levels of education. Girls (1.48 (95% CI 1.26; 1.73)) and children whose mother (1.71 (95% CI 1.44; 2.02)) or father (1.78 (95% CI 1.49; 2.14)) was overweight were more likely to be overweight. After adjusting for confounding factors, no mediation of preschool children’s breakfast habits was found in the association between family sociodemographic factors and children’s weight status.

Conclusion

The lower likelihood of being overweight among children aged 3.5–5.5 was associated with medium and high mothers’ education and non-overweight parents.

Clinical Trial and Study Registration

The ToyBox-study is registered with the clinical trials registry: clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02116296; 2014-04-15.