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Purpose <p>We examined the associations of plasma vitamin B12 concentrations with executive functions (EFs) in children aged 7–11 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort.</p> Methods <p>Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at age 8 years. Selected subtests from the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY-II), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-64), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) were used to assess EFs components– inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility at 8.5 and 10.5 years. Brain-network functional connectivity (FC) at 7.5 years were acquired through magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regressions adjusting for key confounders (e.g. socio-demographics, growth and lifestyle factors) examined associations of plasma vitamin B12 concentrations at 8 years with FC at 7.5 years, and with EFs at 8.5 and 10.5 years, respectively.</p> Results <p>Higher vitamin B12 concentrations at 8 years were associated with better cognitive flexibility at 8.5 years [β (95%CI): 3.23 (0.03, 6.43) for WCST-64 perseverative responses (<i>n</i> = 254)], and better working memory at 10.5 years [0.42 (0.04, 0.8) for WISC-V Letter-Number-Sequencing (<i>n</i> = 304)]; no associations with NEPSY-II and D-KEFS subtests. Higher vitamin B12 concentrations was associated with lower Dorsal Attention and Frontoparietal networks FC (β -0.125, SE: 0.06381, t-value: -2.03, <i>n</i> = 234) linked to better working memory and cognitive flexibility.</p> Conclusion <p>Higher vitamin B12 concentrations in later childhood may be beneficial for EFs and brain-networks FC but require confirmation in studies using similar EF tests for comparability, and prospective, longitudinal measure of brain-network FC.</p>

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Child plasma vitamin B12 concentrations and executive functions at age 7–11 years: the GUSTO study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月7日

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  • Jason Loh,
  • Shi Yu Chan,
  • Jia Ying Toh,
  • Karen M. L. Tan,
  • Keith M. Godfrey,
  • Fabian Yap,
  • Yap Seng Chong,
  • Johan G. Eriksson,
  • Mary F. F. Chong,
  • Ai Peng Tan,
  • Evelyn Law,
  • Jun S. Lai

摘要

Purpose

We examined the associations of plasma vitamin B12 concentrations with executive functions (EFs) in children aged 7–11 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort.

Methods

Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured at age 8 years. Selected subtests from the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY-II), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-64), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) were used to assess EFs components– inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility at 8.5 and 10.5 years. Brain-network functional connectivity (FC) at 7.5 years were acquired through magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regressions adjusting for key confounders (e.g. socio-demographics, growth and lifestyle factors) examined associations of plasma vitamin B12 concentrations at 8 years with FC at 7.5 years, and with EFs at 8.5 and 10.5 years, respectively.

Results

Higher vitamin B12 concentrations at 8 years were associated with better cognitive flexibility at 8.5 years [β (95%CI): 3.23 (0.03, 6.43) for WCST-64 perseverative responses (n = 254)], and better working memory at 10.5 years [0.42 (0.04, 0.8) for WISC-V Letter-Number-Sequencing (n = 304)]; no associations with NEPSY-II and D-KEFS subtests. Higher vitamin B12 concentrations was associated with lower Dorsal Attention and Frontoparietal networks FC (β -0.125, SE: 0.06381, t-value: -2.03, n = 234) linked to better working memory and cognitive flexibility.

Conclusion

Higher vitamin B12 concentrations in later childhood may be beneficial for EFs and brain-networks FC but require confirmation in studies using similar EF tests for comparability, and prospective, longitudinal measure of brain-network FC.