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<p>Tropical cyclone (TC)–induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling exhibits pronounced meridional variability in the Northwestern Pacific (WNP), yet the controls and adjustment timescales at the basin scale remain unclear. Using 522 TCs from 2003 to 2022, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the spatial and temporal evolution of TC-induced SST anomalies (SSTA) across 5°–45°N. The magnitude of cooling increases systematically with latitude, with mid-latitude cooling nearly twice as strong as that in the tropics. Statistical analyses consistently show that the latitudinal pattern of mixed layer depth (MLD)—deep in the south and shallow in the north—is the dominant factor responsible for this meridional contrast, and SSTA is most sensitive to MLD (<i>r</i> = 0.89), exceeding sensitivities to TC wind speed or translation speed. The temporal evolution of SST also exhibits strong latitudinal dependence: the maximum response time decreases nearly linearly with latitude from ~ 3 to ~ 1&#xa0;day and is primarily regulated by TC wind speed (<i>r</i> = –0.88). In contrast, the recovery time displays a nonlinear structure across latitudes, ranging from ~ 14 to ~ 40&#xa0;days and controlled mainly by TC translation speed (<i>r</i> = –0.93). These results highlight that upper-ocean stratification dominates the spatial pattern of TC-induced cooling, while TC dynamical characteristics govern the temporal adjustment of SST, jointly shaping the latitudinal dependence of TC–ocean interactions in the WNP.</p>

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Latitudinal distributions of tropical cyclone-induced sea surface temperature cooling in the Northwestern Pacific (2003–2022)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Xiuting Wang,
  • Jiagen Li,
  • Han Zhang,
  • Tao Lian

摘要

Tropical cyclone (TC)–induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling exhibits pronounced meridional variability in the Northwestern Pacific (WNP), yet the controls and adjustment timescales at the basin scale remain unclear. Using 522 TCs from 2003 to 2022, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of the spatial and temporal evolution of TC-induced SST anomalies (SSTA) across 5°–45°N. The magnitude of cooling increases systematically with latitude, with mid-latitude cooling nearly twice as strong as that in the tropics. Statistical analyses consistently show that the latitudinal pattern of mixed layer depth (MLD)—deep in the south and shallow in the north—is the dominant factor responsible for this meridional contrast, and SSTA is most sensitive to MLD (r = 0.89), exceeding sensitivities to TC wind speed or translation speed. The temporal evolution of SST also exhibits strong latitudinal dependence: the maximum response time decreases nearly linearly with latitude from ~ 3 to ~ 1 day and is primarily regulated by TC wind speed (r = –0.88). In contrast, the recovery time displays a nonlinear structure across latitudes, ranging from ~ 14 to ~ 40 days and controlled mainly by TC translation speed (r = –0.93). These results highlight that upper-ocean stratification dominates the spatial pattern of TC-induced cooling, while TC dynamical characteristics govern the temporal adjustment of SST, jointly shaping the latitudinal dependence of TC–ocean interactions in the WNP.