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<p>Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events are characterized by a rapid rise in polar stratospheric temperatures. This study examines the dynamics of 48 major SSW events identified from 83-year ERA5 reanalysis (1940–2022), with a special focus on planetary wave activities and the resulting surface weather impacts. Based on the deceleration rates of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), these 48 events are categorized into 21 radical-warming events (RWEs) and 27 moderate-warming events (MWEs). RWEs are linked to strong blocking highs (BHs) over the eastern North Atlantic, the Ural Mountains, or the Bering Strait. Our results show that these BHs significantly amplify both the linear and nonlinear components of planetary wave-1 and wave-2 over short periods. Compared to weaker BHs, stronger BHs accelerate the development of SSWs, and the resulting SSWs tend to be more intense. In contrast, MWEs are associated with relatively weaker and longer-lasting planetary wave activities. During MWEs, the BHs are typically weaker and located near Greenland or the eastern North Atlantic, primarily amplifying the linear effects of wave-1 and resulting in relatively weaker SSWs. The surface weather responses also differ between the two types of SSWs. RWEs induce widespread and persistent cold anomalies across Europe, East Asia and North America, with effects lasting over 60 days. In comparison, MWEs have shorter-lived impacts, typically around 40 days, and are mostly confined to northern Eurasia. These findings highlight the critical role of planetary wave dynamics and tropospheric blocking in shaping the intensity of SSWs and their surface weather consequences.</p>

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Radical and moderate sudden stratospheric warming events and their weather impacts

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Yucheng Zi,
  • Zhenxia Long,
  • Jinyu Sheng,
  • Gaopeng Lu,
  • William Perrie,
  • Ziniu Xiao

摘要

Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events are characterized by a rapid rise in polar stratospheric temperatures. This study examines the dynamics of 48 major SSW events identified from 83-year ERA5 reanalysis (1940–2022), with a special focus on planetary wave activities and the resulting surface weather impacts. Based on the deceleration rates of the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV), these 48 events are categorized into 21 radical-warming events (RWEs) and 27 moderate-warming events (MWEs). RWEs are linked to strong blocking highs (BHs) over the eastern North Atlantic, the Ural Mountains, or the Bering Strait. Our results show that these BHs significantly amplify both the linear and nonlinear components of planetary wave-1 and wave-2 over short periods. Compared to weaker BHs, stronger BHs accelerate the development of SSWs, and the resulting SSWs tend to be more intense. In contrast, MWEs are associated with relatively weaker and longer-lasting planetary wave activities. During MWEs, the BHs are typically weaker and located near Greenland or the eastern North Atlantic, primarily amplifying the linear effects of wave-1 and resulting in relatively weaker SSWs. The surface weather responses also differ between the two types of SSWs. RWEs induce widespread and persistent cold anomalies across Europe, East Asia and North America, with effects lasting over 60 days. In comparison, MWEs have shorter-lived impacts, typically around 40 days, and are mostly confined to northern Eurasia. These findings highlight the critical role of planetary wave dynamics and tropospheric blocking in shaping the intensity of SSWs and their surface weather consequences.