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<p>The influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) is commonly referred to as the Holton–Tan effect, where a weak/strong SPV tends to occur during the easterly/westerly QBO (EQBO/WQBO) phase in the lower stratosphere. This study shows that the SPV is sensitive to the QBO vertical structure in boreal winter, using JRA-55 reanalysis dataset and idealized simulations of Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). Both model and observational data demonstrate that the Holton–Tan effect is evident when the lower-stratospheric W/EQBO phase occurs at both 70 and 30&#xa0;hPa (which we term “deep W/E QBO events”). This process is related to the QBO-induced residual circulation and the downward coupling of SPV signals. The former influences the wave-propagating environment, while the latter regulates the stratospheric planetary wave intensity. The Holton–Tan effect lacks statistical significance when the W/EQBO phase appears at 70&#xa0;hPa with an opposite QBO phase at 30&#xa0;hPa (which we term “shallow W/EQBO events”). During shallow QBO events, the EP flux divergence anomalies are weak in the polar stratosphere. Additionally, the frequency of deep QBO events could modulate the decadal variations of the Holton–Tan effect.</p>

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Vertical structure of the quasi‐biennial oscillation influences the strength of the Holton–Tan effect

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月12日

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  • Ruhua Zhang,
  • Guangqi Zhu,
  • Xiran Xu,
  • Yue Zhang

摘要

The influence of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on the stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) is commonly referred to as the Holton–Tan effect, where a weak/strong SPV tends to occur during the easterly/westerly QBO (EQBO/WQBO) phase in the lower stratosphere. This study shows that the SPV is sensitive to the QBO vertical structure in boreal winter, using JRA-55 reanalysis dataset and idealized simulations of Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2). Both model and observational data demonstrate that the Holton–Tan effect is evident when the lower-stratospheric W/EQBO phase occurs at both 70 and 30 hPa (which we term “deep W/E QBO events”). This process is related to the QBO-induced residual circulation and the downward coupling of SPV signals. The former influences the wave-propagating environment, while the latter regulates the stratospheric planetary wave intensity. The Holton–Tan effect lacks statistical significance when the W/EQBO phase appears at 70 hPa with an opposite QBO phase at 30 hPa (which we term “shallow W/EQBO events”). During shallow QBO events, the EP flux divergence anomalies are weak in the polar stratosphere. Additionally, the frequency of deep QBO events could modulate the decadal variations of the Holton–Tan effect.