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<p>The efficacy of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) varies widely in agricultural soils, influenced by environmental conditions that regulate both NI persistence and microbial activity. In this study, we investigated how soil pH and temperature interact to regulate the efficacy and overall soil ecological impact of three widely used synthetic NIs—dicyandiamide, nitrapyrin, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate—and a novel inhibitor, quinone imine (QI). A microcosm experiment was conducted using two agricultural soils with contrasting pH (acidic and alkaline) incubated at 12.5&#xa0;°C and 25&#xa0;°C, following urea amendment. In addition to monitoring inorganic N pools and potential nitrification rates, inhibitors persistence and effects on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and non-target bacterial and fungal communities were assessed using qPCR and amplicon sequencing. All NIs dissipated faster at higher temperatures and showed greater persistence in the alkaline soil. Despite their reduced persistence at 25&#xa0;°C, inhibition of nitrification was more pronounced at the higher temperature, reflecting increased nitrification activity under warmer conditions. All NIs significantly reduced potential nitrification rates and nitrate concentrations, particularly in the alkaline soil. Commercial NIs mainly affected ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), whereas QI exerted a stronger effect on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and induced more pronounced shifts in bacterial and fungal communities, indicating stronger off-target effects. Overall, our results suggest that, under the conditions examined, soil pH and temperature jointly regulate NI persistence, functional partitioning of AOM, and microbial community composition, highlighting the importance of environmental context in determining NI performance in agricultural soils.</p>

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Soil pH and temperature regulate nitrification inhibitor efficacy and soil microbial community responses

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月1日

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  • Eleftheria Bachtsevani,
  • Christina V. Papazlatani,
  • Konstantina Rousidou,
  • Eleni Lampronikou,
  • Urania Menkissoglu-Spiroudi,
  • Constantinos Ehaliotis,
  • Dimitrios G. Karpouzas,
  • Evangelia S. Papadopoulou

摘要

The efficacy of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) varies widely in agricultural soils, influenced by environmental conditions that regulate both NI persistence and microbial activity. In this study, we investigated how soil pH and temperature interact to regulate the efficacy and overall soil ecological impact of three widely used synthetic NIs—dicyandiamide, nitrapyrin, and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate—and a novel inhibitor, quinone imine (QI). A microcosm experiment was conducted using two agricultural soils with contrasting pH (acidic and alkaline) incubated at 12.5 °C and 25 °C, following urea amendment. In addition to monitoring inorganic N pools and potential nitrification rates, inhibitors persistence and effects on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and non-target bacterial and fungal communities were assessed using qPCR and amplicon sequencing. All NIs dissipated faster at higher temperatures and showed greater persistence in the alkaline soil. Despite their reduced persistence at 25 °C, inhibition of nitrification was more pronounced at the higher temperature, reflecting increased nitrification activity under warmer conditions. All NIs significantly reduced potential nitrification rates and nitrate concentrations, particularly in the alkaline soil. Commercial NIs mainly affected ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), whereas QI exerted a stronger effect on ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and induced more pronounced shifts in bacterial and fungal communities, indicating stronger off-target effects. Overall, our results suggest that, under the conditions examined, soil pH and temperature jointly regulate NI persistence, functional partitioning of AOM, and microbial community composition, highlighting the importance of environmental context in determining NI performance in agricultural soils.