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<p>Manganese (Mn) is a ubiquitous redox-active element in terrestrial environments derived from both geogenic and anthropogenic sources, and plays a dual role as a vital micronutrient and a potential contaminant. It is indispensable for plants, animals, and humans, functioning as a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and metabolism. However, its extensive industrial applications have led to increased environmental release, thereby adversely affecting human health. This review provides an in-depth assessment of Mn biogeochemical cycling, speciation, bioavailability, toxicity, health risks, and remediation techniques in the soil-plant system. The biogeochemical cycling of Mn is controlled by multifaceted associations with pH and organic matter, serving as key regulators of its speciation. By connecting environmental regulators with molecular transport mechanisms, our study shows how environmental alteration directs changes in Mn accretion and toxicity threat. Adequate Mn levels are vital for photosynthesis and enzyme regulation, whereas excessive concentrations can lead to growth inhibition and yield reduction in crops. Health risk estimation showed that hazard quotient (HQ) of the inhalation pathway in soils exceeded the threshold (HQ &gt; 1) for children and adults, while in maize and rice grains, health risk pathways exhibit lower risks. The remediation of Mn-contaminated soil necessitates combined approaches like physiochemical treatments, microbial interventions, and plant growth regulator-based methods. The outcome of this review provides guidelines on sustainable strategies for mitigating Mn contamination in the soil–plant system.</p>

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Manganese in soil–plant systems: biogeochemical cycling, bioavailability, toxicity, and remediation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Amit Kumar,
  • Vinod Kumar,
  • Aditi Shreeya Bali,
  • Monika Thakur,
  • Harleen Kaur,
  • Ashish Sharma,
  • Maja Radziemska,
  • M. Santosh

摘要

Manganese (Mn) is a ubiquitous redox-active element in terrestrial environments derived from both geogenic and anthropogenic sources, and plays a dual role as a vital micronutrient and a potential contaminant. It is indispensable for plants, animals, and humans, functioning as a cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in photosynthesis, antioxidant defense, and metabolism. However, its extensive industrial applications have led to increased environmental release, thereby adversely affecting human health. This review provides an in-depth assessment of Mn biogeochemical cycling, speciation, bioavailability, toxicity, health risks, and remediation techniques in the soil-plant system. The biogeochemical cycling of Mn is controlled by multifaceted associations with pH and organic matter, serving as key regulators of its speciation. By connecting environmental regulators with molecular transport mechanisms, our study shows how environmental alteration directs changes in Mn accretion and toxicity threat. Adequate Mn levels are vital for photosynthesis and enzyme regulation, whereas excessive concentrations can lead to growth inhibition and yield reduction in crops. Health risk estimation showed that hazard quotient (HQ) of the inhalation pathway in soils exceeded the threshold (HQ > 1) for children and adults, while in maize and rice grains, health risk pathways exhibit lower risks. The remediation of Mn-contaminated soil necessitates combined approaches like physiochemical treatments, microbial interventions, and plant growth regulator-based methods. The outcome of this review provides guidelines on sustainable strategies for mitigating Mn contamination in the soil–plant system.