Nitrogen limitation in eucalypt roots: a cascading influence on the mobilization of soil organic matter

Emerging scientific evidence has shown that root exudates may trigger the mobilization of soil organic matter (SOM), particularly under nutrient limitation. However, the role of changes in root morphology, metabolism, exudation, and their impact on rhizospheric properties and SOM remain poorly known. To address this issue, we conducted a rhizobox experiment for 50 days in which pre-grown eucalypt plants (120 days-old) were supplied with nutrient solutions providing either limited (0.0 mg L^− 1) or normal N supply (196.0 mg L^− 1). After 48 days, we used a ¹³CO₂ pulse labeling to track the impact of N limitation on C translocation to roots and soil respiration. After the 50th day, we assessed root morphology and metabolism, rhizospheric pH, mineral crystallinity, C and N contents, and the molecular composition of SOM. Under N limitation, eucalypt plants showed reduced photosynthesis, increased their root-to-shoot ratio and root branching, with organic acids prevailing among root metabolites. Overall, N-limited eucalypt plants led to a cascading of changes in the rhizosphere: increased concentrations of recently fixed ¹³C-CO₂, citrate, and N-bearing compounds, whereas soil pH and Fe-bound SOM decreased. These results were not followed by significant changes in microbial biomass, neither fungi: bacteria nor Gram-positive: Gram-negative ratios. Our results show that under N limitation, eucalypt roots exhibited a cascade of morpho-physiological adjustments that ultimately increased the mobilization of some SOM pools. Therefore, the combined impacts of those root morpho-physiological traits on the mobilization of SOM may reduce the overall soil C sink of eucalypt forests under N limitation.