<p>A subset <i>M</i> of vertices in a graph <i>G</i> is a mutual-visibility set if any two vertices <i>u</i> and <i>v</i> in <i>M</i> “see” each other in <i>G</i>, that is, there exists a shortest <i>u</i>,&#xa0;<i>v</i>-path in <i>G</i> that contains no elements of <i>M</i> as internal vertices. The mutual-visibility number <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu (G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of a graph <i>G</i> is the largest size of a mutual-visibility set in <i>G</i>. Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q_{n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be an <i>n</i>-dimensional hypercube. Cicerone, Di Fonso, Di Stefano, Navarra, and Piselli showed that <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2^{n}/\sqrt{n}\le \mu (Q_{n})\le 2^{n-1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> </msqrt> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, we prove that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu (Q_{n})&gt;0.186\cdot 2^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0.186</mn> <mo>·</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and thus establish that <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu (Q_{n})=\Theta (2^{n})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We also consider the chromatic mutual-visibility number, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _{\mu }(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, defined as the smallest number of colors used on vertices of <i>G</i>, such that every color class is a mutual-visibility set in <i>G</i>. Klavžar, Kuziak, Valenzuela-Tripodoro, and Yero asked whether <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})=O(1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We answer their question in the negative, namely, we show that <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a growing function of <i>n</i>. Moreover, we show that <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})=O(\log \log {n})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mo>log</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Finally, we study the so-called total mutual-visibility number of graphs and give asymptotically tight bounds on this parameter for hypercubes.</p>

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Visibility in Hypercubes

  • Maria Axenovich,
  • Dingyuan Liu

摘要

A subset M of vertices in a graph G is a mutual-visibility set if any two vertices u and v in M “see” each other in G, that is, there exists a shortest uv-path in G that contains no elements of M as internal vertices. The mutual-visibility number \(\mu (G)\) μ ( G ) of a graph G is the largest size of a mutual-visibility set in G. Let \(n\in \mathbb {N}\) n N and \(Q_{n}\) Q n be an n-dimensional hypercube. Cicerone, Di Fonso, Di Stefano, Navarra, and Piselli showed that \(2^{n}/\sqrt{n}\le \mu (Q_{n})\le 2^{n-1}\) 2 n / n μ ( Q n ) 2 n - 1 . In this paper, we prove that \(\mu (Q_{n})>0.186\cdot 2^n\) μ ( Q n ) > 0.186 · 2 n and thus establish that \(\mu (Q_{n})=\Theta (2^{n})\) μ ( Q n ) = Θ ( 2 n ) . We also consider the chromatic mutual-visibility number, \(\chi _{\mu }(G)\) χ μ ( G ) , defined as the smallest number of colors used on vertices of G, such that every color class is a mutual-visibility set in G. Klavžar, Kuziak, Valenzuela-Tripodoro, and Yero asked whether \(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})=O(1)\) χ μ ( Q n ) = O ( 1 ) . We answer their question in the negative, namely, we show that \(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})\) χ μ ( Q n ) is a growing function of n. Moreover, we show that \(\chi _{\mu }(Q_{n})=O(\log \log {n})\) χ μ ( Q n ) = O ( log log n ) . Finally, we study the so-called total mutual-visibility number of graphs and give asymptotically tight bounds on this parameter for hypercubes.