<p>A graph <i>G</i> is <i>well-covered</i> if all its maximal independent sets are of the same cardinality. Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="115" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w:V(G) \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a weight function. Then <i>G</i> is <i>w</i>-<i>well-covered</i> if all its maximal independent sets are of the same weight. An edge <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="80" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(xy \in E(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is <i> relating</i> if there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S \subseteq V(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that both <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S \cup \{x\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>∪</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S \cup \{y\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>∪</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are maximal independent sets. If <i>xy</i> is relating then <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="92" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( w(x)=w(y)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for every weight function <i>w</i> such that <i>G</i> is <i>w</i>-well-covered. Relating edges are of crucial importance for investigating <i>w</i>-well-covered graphs. The problem whether an edge is relating is <b>NP-</b>complete. We prove that this problem remains <b>NP-</b>complete even for graphs without cycles of length 6. A graph <i>G</i> belongs to the class <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbf {W_{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">W</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if every two pairwise disjoint independent sets in <i>G</i> are included in two pairwise disjoint maximum independent sets. A vertex <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(v \in V(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is <i>shedding</i> if for every independent set <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="124" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S \subseteq V(G) \setminus N[v]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo lspace="0.15em" rspace="0.15em" stretchy="false">\</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="69" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u \in N(v)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S \cup \{u\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>∪</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is independent. Shedding vertices play an important role in studying the class <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2930_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="28" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbf {W_{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">W</mi> <mn mathvariant="bold">2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Recognizing shedding vertices is co-<b>NP-</b>complete. We prove that this problem is co-<b>NP-</b>complete even for graphs without cycles of length 6.</p>

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Recognizing Relating Edges in Graphs Without Cycles of Length 6

  • Vadim E. Levit,
  • David Tankus

摘要

A graph G is well-covered if all its maximal independent sets are of the same cardinality. Let \(w:V(G) \longrightarrow \mathbb {R}\) w : V ( G ) R be a weight function. Then G is w-well-covered if all its maximal independent sets are of the same weight. An edge \(xy \in E(G)\) x y E ( G ) is relating if there exists \(S \subseteq V(G)\) S V ( G ) such that both \(S \cup \{x\}\) S { x } and \(S \cup \{y\}\) S { y } are maximal independent sets. If xy is relating then \( w(x)=w(y)\) w ( x ) = w ( y ) for every weight function w such that G is w-well-covered. Relating edges are of crucial importance for investigating w-well-covered graphs. The problem whether an edge is relating is NP-complete. We prove that this problem remains NP-complete even for graphs without cycles of length 6. A graph G belongs to the class \(\mathbf {W_{2}}\) W 2 if every two pairwise disjoint independent sets in G are included in two pairwise disjoint maximum independent sets. A vertex \(v \in V(G)\) v V ( G ) is shedding if for every independent set \(S \subseteq V(G) \setminus N[v]\) S V ( G ) \ N [ v ] there exists \(u \in N(v)\) u N ( v ) such that \(S \cup \{u\}\) S { u } is independent. Shedding vertices play an important role in studying the class \(\mathbf {W_{2}}\) W 2 . Recognizing shedding vertices is co-NP-complete. We prove that this problem is co-NP-complete even for graphs without cycles of length 6.