<p>For a fixed integer <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\geqslant 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, let <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\in \mathcal {G}(n,p)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be a simple connected graph on <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\rightarrow \infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> vertices with <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p= \frac{c}{n}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for a large enough constant <i>c</i>. Any collection of edges <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M_k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <i>G</i> with the additional constraint that no two edges are within distance <i>k</i>, is called a distance <i>k</i>-matching. The <i>k</i>-matching number, denoted by <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(um_k(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, is the size of the largest distance <i>k</i>-matching <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M_k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <i>G</i>. Kang and Manggala showed that <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="190" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(um_k(G)\leqslant (1+o(1))\frac{k n\log c}{2c^{k-1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⩽</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>o</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>log</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\geqslant 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and speculated that the upper bound is close to the correct value of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(um_k(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Cooley et al. confirmed this conclusion when <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k=2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Unfortunately, the approach does not work when <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\geqslant 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper, we show that the size of any maximal distance <i>k</i>-matching in <i>G</i> asymptotically lies between <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \frac{(k-1)n\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>log</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \frac{k n \log c}{2c^{k-1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>log</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and we also design a randomized greedy algorithm to generate one large distance <i>k</i>-matching in <i>G</i> with asymptotical size <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \frac{kn\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>log</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\geqslant 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. These results mean that <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="25" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="190" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(um_k(G)\geqslant (1+o(1))\frac{kn\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>⩾</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>o</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>log</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> when <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2921_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\geqslant 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Large Induced Distance Matchings in Certain Sparse Random Graphs

  • Fang Tian,
  • Yu-Qin Sun,
  • Zi-Long Liu

摘要

For a fixed integer \(k\geqslant 2\) k 2 , let \(G\in \mathcal {G}(n,p)\) G G ( n , p ) be a simple connected graph on \(n\rightarrow \infty \) n vertices with \(p= \frac{c}{n}\) p = c n for a large enough constant c. Any collection of edges \(M_k\) M k in G with the additional constraint that no two edges are within distance k, is called a distance k-matching. The k-matching number, denoted by \(um_k(G)\) u m k ( G ) , is the size of the largest distance k-matching \(M_k\) M k in G. Kang and Manggala showed that \(um_k(G)\leqslant (1+o(1))\frac{k n\log c}{2c^{k-1}}\) u m k ( G ) ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) k n log c 2 c k - 1 when \(k\geqslant 2\) k 2 and speculated that the upper bound is close to the correct value of \(um_k(G)\) u m k ( G ) . Cooley et al. confirmed this conclusion when \(k=2\) k = 2 . Unfortunately, the approach does not work when \(k\geqslant 3\) k 3 . In this paper, we show that the size of any maximal distance k-matching in G asymptotically lies between \( \frac{(k-1)n\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\) ( k - 1 ) n log c 4 c k - 1 and \( \frac{k n \log c}{2c^{k-1}}\) k n log c 2 c k - 1 , and we also design a randomized greedy algorithm to generate one large distance k-matching in G with asymptotical size \( \frac{kn\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\) k n log c 4 c k - 1 when \(k\geqslant 3\) k 3 . These results mean that \(um_k(G)\geqslant (1+o(1))\frac{kn\log c}{4c^{k-1}}\) u m k ( G ) ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) k n log c 4 c k - 1 when \(k\geqslant 3\) k 3 .