<p>Among some results, we prove the following two theorems, which are generalizations of known results. Let <i>G</i> be a connected graph and <i>k</i> be a positive even integer. (i) If <i>G</i> is <i>k</i>-tough, then for any set <i>W</i> of even number of vertices of <i>G</i>, <i>G</i> has a factor <i>F</i> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="212" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg _F(x) \in \{1,3, 5, \ldots , k+1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>F</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in W\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg _F(y)=k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>F</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(y\in V(G)-W\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. (ii) For any set <i>W</i> of even number of vertices of <i>G</i>, <i>G</i> has a factor <i>F</i> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="152" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg _F(x) \equiv 1 \pmod {2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>F</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≡</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="4.44443pt" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>mod</mo> <mspace width="0.277778em" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in W\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="224" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg _F(y)\in \{k, k+2, k+4, \ldots \}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>F</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(y\in V(G)-W\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="256" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\deg _G(X) - k|X| - \omega (G-X) \ge -1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>deg</mo> <mi>G</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>ω</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≥</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="79" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(X \subset V(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\omega (G-X)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the number of components of <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="373_2025_2918_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G-X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Odd-Even Factors of Graphs

  • Mikio Kano,
  • Hajime Matsumura

摘要

Among some results, we prove the following two theorems, which are generalizations of known results. Let G be a connected graph and k be a positive even integer. (i) If G is k-tough, then for any set W of even number of vertices of G, G has a factor F such that \(\deg _F(x) \in \{1,3, 5, \ldots , k+1\}\) deg F ( x ) { 1 , 3 , 5 , , k + 1 } for all \(x\in W\) x W and \(\deg _F(y)=k\) deg F ( y ) = k for all \(y\in V(G)-W\) y V ( G ) - W . (ii) For any set W of even number of vertices of G, G has a factor F such that \(\deg _F(x) \equiv 1 \pmod {2}\) deg F ( x ) 1 ( mod 2 ) for all \(x\in W\) x W and \(\deg _F(y)\in \{k, k+2, k+4, \ldots \}\) deg F ( y ) { k , k + 2 , k + 4 , } for all \(y\in V(G)-W\) y V ( G ) - W if and only if \(\deg _G(X) - k|X| - \omega (G-X) \ge -1\) deg G ( X ) - k | X | - ω ( G - X ) - 1 for all \(X \subset V(G)\) X V ( G ) , where \(\omega (G-X)\) ω ( G - X ) denotes the number of components of \(G-X\) G - X .