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<p>Football coaching is undergoing a paradigm shift with the introduction of immersive technologies, making it critical to evaluate how virtual reality (VR) can reshape training and performance development. This survey examines the transformative potential of VR in football coaching, with a focus on its capacity to enhance technical skill development, tactical comprehension, and performance evaluation. We review foundational VR technologies—such as high-fidelity scene reconstruction, accurate motion capture, and multi-sensory feedback—that collectively enable immersive and photorealistic training environments. Beyond replicating conventional training tasks, VR facilitates personalized instruction, fosters collaborative tactical learning, and supports rehabilitation through data-driven feedback. At the same time, critical challenges remain, including realistic motion simulation, synchronous multi-user interaction, mitigation of cybersickness, and the effective transfer of acquired skills to real-world contexts. We also highlight emerging research directions, including AI-driven adaptive training, athlete-specific digital twin modeling, hybrid VR/AR integration, and scalable cloud-based platforms. By systematically synthesizing opportunities, limitations, and future trajectories, this survey provides a comprehensive reference for coaches, researchers, and developers aiming to advance football training and reimagine coaching methodologies.</p>

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A survey of revolutionizing football coaching with virtual reality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Haoyu Guo,
  • Lijuan Mao,
  • Weiliang Meng,
  • Meng Yang,
  • Zhen Li

摘要

Football coaching is undergoing a paradigm shift with the introduction of immersive technologies, making it critical to evaluate how virtual reality (VR) can reshape training and performance development. This survey examines the transformative potential of VR in football coaching, with a focus on its capacity to enhance technical skill development, tactical comprehension, and performance evaluation. We review foundational VR technologies—such as high-fidelity scene reconstruction, accurate motion capture, and multi-sensory feedback—that collectively enable immersive and photorealistic training environments. Beyond replicating conventional training tasks, VR facilitates personalized instruction, fosters collaborative tactical learning, and supports rehabilitation through data-driven feedback. At the same time, critical challenges remain, including realistic motion simulation, synchronous multi-user interaction, mitigation of cybersickness, and the effective transfer of acquired skills to real-world contexts. We also highlight emerging research directions, including AI-driven adaptive training, athlete-specific digital twin modeling, hybrid VR/AR integration, and scalable cloud-based platforms. By systematically synthesizing opportunities, limitations, and future trajectories, this survey provides a comprehensive reference for coaches, researchers, and developers aiming to advance football training and reimagine coaching methodologies.