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<p>The use of 4D (3D dynamic mesh sequences) data, such as rendering objects and faces, has grown significantly with advancements in imaging, 3D printing, and V/AR technologies. However, there is currently a lack of 4D watermarking methods to protect copyright and prevent unauthorized distribution. Existing 3D mesh watermarking techniques are inadequate for 4D data, as they fail to address dynamic attacks, such as sequence reordering. To fill this gap, we propose a novel 4D watermarking technique for 4D face data, comprising two main components: watermarking for 3D mesh sequences and watermarking for texture images. Each component uses two watermarks: one to protect individual mesh/texture copyright and another to verify sequence order and detect reordering attacks. The Artificial Bee Colony algorithm optimizes embedding parameters to ensure watermark imperceptibility. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and imperceptibility of our method, validating its effectiveness in protecting 4D data from unauthorized use and distribution.</p>

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Robust and quality preserving 4D data watermarking for copyright protection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Ertugrul Gul,
  • Ahmet Nusret Toprak,
  • Gary K. L. Tam

摘要

The use of 4D (3D dynamic mesh sequences) data, such as rendering objects and faces, has grown significantly with advancements in imaging, 3D printing, and V/AR technologies. However, there is currently a lack of 4D watermarking methods to protect copyright and prevent unauthorized distribution. Existing 3D mesh watermarking techniques are inadequate for 4D data, as they fail to address dynamic attacks, such as sequence reordering. To fill this gap, we propose a novel 4D watermarking technique for 4D face data, comprising two main components: watermarking for 3D mesh sequences and watermarking for texture images. Each component uses two watermarks: one to protect individual mesh/texture copyright and another to verify sequence order and detect reordering attacks. The Artificial Bee Colony algorithm optimizes embedding parameters to ensure watermark imperceptibility. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and imperceptibility of our method, validating its effectiveness in protecting 4D data from unauthorized use and distribution.