Approximation results for Gradient Flow Trained Shallow Neural Networks in 1d

Two aspects of neural networks that have been extensively studied in the recent literature are their function approximation properties and their training by gradient descent or gradient flow. The approximation problem seeks accurate approximations with a minimal number of weights. In most of the current literature these weights are fully or partially hand-crafted, showing the capabilities of neural networks but not necessarily their practical performance. In contrast, optimization theory for neural networks heavily relies on an abundance of weights in over-parametrized regimes. This paper balances these two demands and provides an approximation result for shallow networks in 1d with non-convex weight optimization by gradient flow. We consider finite width networks and infinite sample limits, which is the typical setup in approximation theory. Technically, this problem is not over-parametrized, however, some form of redundancy reappears as a loss in approximation rate compared to best possible rates.