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<p>Accurate surface temperature and heat flux measurements are essential for evaluating aerothermal loads on high-speed vehicles, including atmospheric entry capsules and space exploration vehicles. Temperature-sensitive paint provides a non-intrusive approach for global heat flux measurement in impulse ground-testing facilities, but its application is often limited by low signal levels caused by short test durations, high-frame-rate imaging, and the associated short exposure times. In this study, a particle-enhanced temperature-sensitive paint was developed and optimized by incorporating calcium silicate microparticles to improve luminescence output and measurement precision. Characterization tests showed that the optimized formulation increased emission intensity by 21% and temperature sensitivity by 11% relative to the reference temperature-sensitive paint, while retaining nearly twice the normalized emission intensity at 500&#xa0;kPa. Shock tube validation demonstrated that the enhanced signal level reduced the standard deviation of reconstructed heat flux measurements by up to 33% under short-duration transient conditions, indicating the potential applicability of the particle-enhanced formulation for high-speed aerothermodynamic diagnostics.</p>

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Particle-enhanced temperature-sensitive paint: development and validation for high-speed aerothermodynamic testing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Jinyoung Kim,
  • Mithat Engin,
  • Masaki Okawa,
  • Tsubasa Ikami,
  • Bok Jik Lee,
  • Hiroki Nagai

摘要

Accurate surface temperature and heat flux measurements are essential for evaluating aerothermal loads on high-speed vehicles, including atmospheric entry capsules and space exploration vehicles. Temperature-sensitive paint provides a non-intrusive approach for global heat flux measurement in impulse ground-testing facilities, but its application is often limited by low signal levels caused by short test durations, high-frame-rate imaging, and the associated short exposure times. In this study, a particle-enhanced temperature-sensitive paint was developed and optimized by incorporating calcium silicate microparticles to improve luminescence output and measurement precision. Characterization tests showed that the optimized formulation increased emission intensity by 21% and temperature sensitivity by 11% relative to the reference temperature-sensitive paint, while retaining nearly twice the normalized emission intensity at 500 kPa. Shock tube validation demonstrated that the enhanced signal level reduced the standard deviation of reconstructed heat flux measurements by up to 33% under short-duration transient conditions, indicating the potential applicability of the particle-enhanced formulation for high-speed aerothermodynamic diagnostics.