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<p>Agro-waste valorization into high-performance biostimulants remains underexplored, particularly at the nanoscale for crop productivity enhancement. This study addresses this gap by converting banana peel, a potassium-rich agricultural waste containing phenolics and L-tryptophan, into a nano biostimulant and evaluating its efficacy in maize. Banana peel nano biostimulant (BPNB) was synthesized and comprehensively characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and elemental and nutrient analyses. FTIR confirmed key functional groups (–OH, C–H, C = C), while XRD revealed low crystallinity. SEM and optical analysis indicated nanoparticle formation (≤ 150&#xa0;nm), and EDX showed oxygen dominance with mineral-associated elements. Nutrient profiling demonstrated substantial enrichment (≈ 8% N; 380 ppm Zn; 250 ppm Cu and Fe; 500 ppm Mn). In germination assays (0.5–2.5% w/v), the 2.0% treatment achieved the highest germination (90%), rate, and seedling height, while 2.5% maximized germination energy and index. Pot experiments (0–40%) further demonstrated that BPNB significantly enhanced physiological performance, increasing photosynthesis (72%), transpiration (80%), and stomatal conductance (41%), alongside a 12–34% rise in chlorophyll content. Growth responses were pronounced, with shoot length reaching 75&#xa0;cm, fresh biomass increasing to 50&#xa0;g pot<sup>− 1</sup>, and dry matter accumulation improving 2.6-fold over control. These findings establish BPNB as a potent, nutrient-enriched nano biostimulant. Optimal performance occurs at 2.0% during germination, while higher concentrations drive superior vegetative growth, highlighting its potential for sustainable crop intensification and waste-to-resource innovation.</p>

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Transforming Banana Peel Waste into a Nano Biostimulant: Effects on Maize Seed Germination and Physio-Morphological Traits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Palwasha Sajjad,
  • Umair Riaz,
  • Azer Ahmadov,
  • Tanveer-ul-Haq,
  • Nazar Fareid,
  • Faiza Hassan,
  • Muhammad Adeel,
  • Ayta Umar,
  • Ren Maozhi,
  • Muhammad Usman Aslam,
  • Lamy Hamed

摘要

Agro-waste valorization into high-performance biostimulants remains underexplored, particularly at the nanoscale for crop productivity enhancement. This study addresses this gap by converting banana peel, a potassium-rich agricultural waste containing phenolics and L-tryptophan, into a nano biostimulant and evaluating its efficacy in maize. Banana peel nano biostimulant (BPNB) was synthesized and comprehensively characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and elemental and nutrient analyses. FTIR confirmed key functional groups (–OH, C–H, C = C), while XRD revealed low crystallinity. SEM and optical analysis indicated nanoparticle formation (≤ 150 nm), and EDX showed oxygen dominance with mineral-associated elements. Nutrient profiling demonstrated substantial enrichment (≈ 8% N; 380 ppm Zn; 250 ppm Cu and Fe; 500 ppm Mn). In germination assays (0.5–2.5% w/v), the 2.0% treatment achieved the highest germination (90%), rate, and seedling height, while 2.5% maximized germination energy and index. Pot experiments (0–40%) further demonstrated that BPNB significantly enhanced physiological performance, increasing photosynthesis (72%), transpiration (80%), and stomatal conductance (41%), alongside a 12–34% rise in chlorophyll content. Growth responses were pronounced, with shoot length reaching 75 cm, fresh biomass increasing to 50 g pot− 1, and dry matter accumulation improving 2.6-fold over control. These findings establish BPNB as a potent, nutrient-enriched nano biostimulant. Optimal performance occurs at 2.0% during germination, while higher concentrations drive superior vegetative growth, highlighting its potential for sustainable crop intensification and waste-to-resource innovation.