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<p>Antimony (Sb) contamination poses a serious risk to rice production and food safety, particularly because Sb(III) is highly toxic and readily taken up by plants. This study investigated whether combined Fe(II) and Si(IV) application could mitigate Sb(III) toxicity and limit Sb accumulation in rice seedlings. Rice plants were exposed to 100 µM Sb(III) with or without Fe(II) and/or Si(IV) in a hydroponic system. Sb stress significantly inhibited rice growth, reducing shoot height and shoot fresh weight by 25.6% and 25.3%, respectively, compared with the control. Fe and Si application partially alleviated growth inhibition, with Fe + Si + Sb increasing shoot height by 23.3% relative to Sb alone. Fe addition promoted iron plaque formation, as shown by increased DCB-extractable Fe and plaque-associated Sb, with Fe + Sb showing the highest plaque Fe (143.9 ± 8.8&#xa0;g kg⁻¹ DW) and Sb (50.09 ± 2.7&#xa0;g kg⁻¹ DW) contents. Si addition markedly reduced shoot Sb accumulation, and Fe + Si + Sb produced the lowest shoot Sb concentration and translocation factor, decreasing shoot Sb by 81.6% compared with Sb alone. Fe-containing treatments increased solution Eh and reduced the proportion of Sb(III), indicating a shift toward Sb(V), while Si altered the distribution of Fe, Si, and Sb between root-associated precipitates and the nutrient solution. Fe + Si + Sb also reduced shoot SOD, POD, and CAT activities by approximately 28%, 77%, and 50%, respectively, compared with Sb alone, and modulated the expression of <i>Lsi1</i>, <i>NRAMP5</i>, <i>CAT</i>, and <i>GSH1</i>. Overall, Fe and Si co-application mitigated Sb toxicity by combining root-surface Sb retention, restricted root-to-shoot Sb translocation, and improved physiological regulation. These findings provide a basis for Fe–Si-assisted strategies to reduce Sb toxicity and accumulation in rice, although further soil-based validation is required.</p>

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Synergistic Silicon and Iron Application Mitigates Antimony Toxicity and Reduces Antimony Uptake in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Yuxin Zhou,
  • Jiaxing Wu,
  • Ying Jiao,
  • Maodi Ran,
  • Jiaokun Li

摘要

Antimony (Sb) contamination poses a serious risk to rice production and food safety, particularly because Sb(III) is highly toxic and readily taken up by plants. This study investigated whether combined Fe(II) and Si(IV) application could mitigate Sb(III) toxicity and limit Sb accumulation in rice seedlings. Rice plants were exposed to 100 µM Sb(III) with or without Fe(II) and/or Si(IV) in a hydroponic system. Sb stress significantly inhibited rice growth, reducing shoot height and shoot fresh weight by 25.6% and 25.3%, respectively, compared with the control. Fe and Si application partially alleviated growth inhibition, with Fe + Si + Sb increasing shoot height by 23.3% relative to Sb alone. Fe addition promoted iron plaque formation, as shown by increased DCB-extractable Fe and plaque-associated Sb, with Fe + Sb showing the highest plaque Fe (143.9 ± 8.8 g kg⁻¹ DW) and Sb (50.09 ± 2.7 g kg⁻¹ DW) contents. Si addition markedly reduced shoot Sb accumulation, and Fe + Si + Sb produced the lowest shoot Sb concentration and translocation factor, decreasing shoot Sb by 81.6% compared with Sb alone. Fe-containing treatments increased solution Eh and reduced the proportion of Sb(III), indicating a shift toward Sb(V), while Si altered the distribution of Fe, Si, and Sb between root-associated precipitates and the nutrient solution. Fe + Si + Sb also reduced shoot SOD, POD, and CAT activities by approximately 28%, 77%, and 50%, respectively, compared with Sb alone, and modulated the expression of Lsi1, NRAMP5, CAT, and GSH1. Overall, Fe and Si co-application mitigated Sb toxicity by combining root-surface Sb retention, restricted root-to-shoot Sb translocation, and improved physiological regulation. These findings provide a basis for Fe–Si-assisted strategies to reduce Sb toxicity and accumulation in rice, although further soil-based validation is required.