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<p>Nickel (Ni) contamination severely disrupts wheat physiology through oxidative stress and membrane damage. This study investigated the mitigating effects of salicylic acid (SA)- and proline (Pro)-functionalized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on Ni toxicity in two wheat cultivars, SKD-1 (tolerant) and PAK-13 (sensitive). Under 100&#xa0;ppm Ni stress, plant height declined by only 0.97% in SKD-1 but by 19.77% in PAK-13. Thousand-grain weight increased by 68.07% and grains per panicle by 24.54% in SKD-1, contrasting with a 25.5% reduction in PAK-13. Hydrogen peroxide decreased 15.69% in SKD-1 but increased 10.67% in PAK-13, while malondialdehyde rose 47.22% and 57.55%, respectively, confirming differential oxidative responses. Treatments with 50&#xa0;ppm SA-CQDs and Pro-CQDs significantly reduced Ni accumulation and translocation factors. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD, APX, GPX) showed sharp activation under Ni stress, CAT increased 664% in SKD-1 and 602% in PAK-13, indicating robust redox regulation. Non-enzymatic antioxidants, including total phenolics (+ 41.1%), carotenoids (+ 24.6%), and ascorbic acid (+ 451.7%), further enhanced tolerance in SKD-1. Electrolyte leakage decreased 22.4% in SKD-1 but rose 62.5% in PAK-13, reflecting superior membrane stability. Nutritional profiling revealed higher protein (+ 43.8%), starch (+ 31.7%), and lipid (+ 39.3%) contents in SKD-1 under stress. Overall, functionalized CQDs effectively alleviated Ni-induced oxidative damage, optimized antioxidant defense, and improved yield performance, presenting a promising nanobiotechnological strategy for enhancing cereal resilience and achieving sustainable food production in heavy-metal-stressed environments.</p>

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Salicylic Acid and Proline-Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots Mitigate Nickel Toxicity in Wheat by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense, Metal Homeostasis, and Nutritional Quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Syed Abu Bakr Haider Bukhari,
  • Minhas Elahi,
  • Muhammad Anas,
  • Shoaib Abbas,
  • Waseem Ahmed Khattak,
  • Umar Masood Quraishi

摘要

Nickel (Ni) contamination severely disrupts wheat physiology through oxidative stress and membrane damage. This study investigated the mitigating effects of salicylic acid (SA)- and proline (Pro)-functionalized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on Ni toxicity in two wheat cultivars, SKD-1 (tolerant) and PAK-13 (sensitive). Under 100 ppm Ni stress, plant height declined by only 0.97% in SKD-1 but by 19.77% in PAK-13. Thousand-grain weight increased by 68.07% and grains per panicle by 24.54% in SKD-1, contrasting with a 25.5% reduction in PAK-13. Hydrogen peroxide decreased 15.69% in SKD-1 but increased 10.67% in PAK-13, while malondialdehyde rose 47.22% and 57.55%, respectively, confirming differential oxidative responses. Treatments with 50 ppm SA-CQDs and Pro-CQDs significantly reduced Ni accumulation and translocation factors. Antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD, APX, GPX) showed sharp activation under Ni stress, CAT increased 664% in SKD-1 and 602% in PAK-13, indicating robust redox regulation. Non-enzymatic antioxidants, including total phenolics (+ 41.1%), carotenoids (+ 24.6%), and ascorbic acid (+ 451.7%), further enhanced tolerance in SKD-1. Electrolyte leakage decreased 22.4% in SKD-1 but rose 62.5% in PAK-13, reflecting superior membrane stability. Nutritional profiling revealed higher protein (+ 43.8%), starch (+ 31.7%), and lipid (+ 39.3%) contents in SKD-1 under stress. Overall, functionalized CQDs effectively alleviated Ni-induced oxidative damage, optimized antioxidant defense, and improved yield performance, presenting a promising nanobiotechnological strategy for enhancing cereal resilience and achieving sustainable food production in heavy-metal-stressed environments.