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<p>Soil salinity severely impaired barley establishment and early growth, whereas seed preconditioning with menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB; vitamin K₃ derivative) enhanced tolerance. Across a diverse panel evaluated at germination and seedling stages under control, salt stress (200 mM NaCl), and MSB-preconditioned salt (MSB + salt), salinity reduced stand establishment, delayed emergence, shortened shoots, and shifted biomass allocation toward roots; MSB largely reversed these effects by restoring germination, accelerating emergence, promoting shoot elongation, and rebalancing allocation. Leaf initiation and expansion, fresh/dry mass, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and relative water content declined under salt but were substantially recovered under MSB preconditioning, which also reduced leaf Na⁺ and restored K⁺/Na⁺, membrane stability, and redox homeostasis (lower electrolyte leakage, H₂O₂, MDA, and soluble-sugar surges). Trait-network analyses placed pigments, relative water content, and K⁺/Na⁺ alongside growth traits, opposed by Na⁺ accumulation and oxidative damage, and MSB preconditioning buffered these antagonisms. GWAS identified 27 marker–trait associations, with prominent hotspots on 1H and 3H and additional signals on 6H and 7H, including pleiotropic and condition-specific loci. RT–qPCR revealed earlier (≈12 h) and sustained (to 24 h) induction of receptor-kinase, GATA, cell-wall remodeling, and proteolysis-related genes in the tolerant genotype, whereas the susceptible genotype responded later and less strongly. Overall, MSB preconditioning shifted responses from reactive to pre-emptive, enhanced early vigor under salinity, and highlighted loci that may be combined to improve both priming responsiveness and intrinsic salt tolerance.</p>

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Genome-Wide Association Reveals Barley Salt Tolerance Loci Integrating Morpho-Physiological Traits and Redox Defense Pathways Via Vitamin K₃ Priming

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Fatmah Ahmed Safhi,
  • Ahmad M. Alqudah,
  • Mona F. A. Dawood,
  • Dina M. Khodeer,
  • Samar G. Thabet

摘要

Soil salinity severely impaired barley establishment and early growth, whereas seed preconditioning with menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB; vitamin K₃ derivative) enhanced tolerance. Across a diverse panel evaluated at germination and seedling stages under control, salt stress (200 mM NaCl), and MSB-preconditioned salt (MSB + salt), salinity reduced stand establishment, delayed emergence, shortened shoots, and shifted biomass allocation toward roots; MSB largely reversed these effects by restoring germination, accelerating emergence, promoting shoot elongation, and rebalancing allocation. Leaf initiation and expansion, fresh/dry mass, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and relative water content declined under salt but were substantially recovered under MSB preconditioning, which also reduced leaf Na⁺ and restored K⁺/Na⁺, membrane stability, and redox homeostasis (lower electrolyte leakage, H₂O₂, MDA, and soluble-sugar surges). Trait-network analyses placed pigments, relative water content, and K⁺/Na⁺ alongside growth traits, opposed by Na⁺ accumulation and oxidative damage, and MSB preconditioning buffered these antagonisms. GWAS identified 27 marker–trait associations, with prominent hotspots on 1H and 3H and additional signals on 6H and 7H, including pleiotropic and condition-specific loci. RT–qPCR revealed earlier (≈12 h) and sustained (to 24 h) induction of receptor-kinase, GATA, cell-wall remodeling, and proteolysis-related genes in the tolerant genotype, whereas the susceptible genotype responded later and less strongly. Overall, MSB preconditioning shifted responses from reactive to pre-emptive, enhanced early vigor under salinity, and highlighted loci that may be combined to improve both priming responsiveness and intrinsic salt tolerance.