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<p>Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to plant growth and agricultural safety. Allantoin has emerged as a key modulator in plant abiotic stress tolerance. To evaluate its protective role, <i>Brassica napus</i> plants were subjected to 50 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl<sub>2</sub>) with or without exogenous allantoin supplementation (2, 5 and 8 mM), and the growth, physiological, biochemical and gene expression parameters were examined. Under 50 µM Cd stress, 5 mM allantoin (CA5) treatment demonstrated optimal alleviation of Cd stress toxicity, increasing plant height by 10% and significantly enhancing shoot and root fresh weights by 65% and 49%, compared to Cd alone. Moreover, CA5 reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and roots by 45% and 29%, while restoring chlorophyll a (56%), carotenoid (42%), and net photosynthetic rate (57%). Mechanistically, CA5 suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (55% reduction in root O<sub>2</sub>·<sup>−</sup> and 20% decrease in leaf H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and lipid peroxidation (28% lower MDA content), while enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD, 30%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 163%) activities. Osmoprotectant analysis showed 98%, 105%, and 75% increase in soluble sugars, proline, and free amino acid, respectively. Compared to Cd treatment, gene expression profiling of CA5 significantly downregulated Cd transporter genes <i>BnABCC1</i> to 0.43-fold, <i>BnHMA3-like</i> to 0.07-fold, and <i>BnHMA4</i> to 0.63-fold compared with Cd treatment, while upregulating antioxidant genes <i>BnCu/ZnSOD</i> and <i>BnCAT</i> to 2.34-fold, respectively. This study simultaneously demonstrates the mechanisms through which CA5 increased plants height and biomass, boosts photosynthetic capacity, enhances enzymatic activity and suppresses ROS. These results provide critical insights for developing eco-friendly environments to enhance crop resilience in Cd-contaminated conditions.</p>

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Exogenous Allantoin Attenuates Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Rapeseed via Reducing Cd Accumulation and Modulating Antioxidant Defense Systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Wenqiang Lan,
  • Skhawat Ali,
  • Mengting Lyu,
  • Basharat Ali,
  • Yiwa Hu,
  • Muhammad Arslan Yousaf,
  • Di He,
  • Juanjuan Li,
  • Yingying Zhou,
  • Weijun Zhou

摘要

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to plant growth and agricultural safety. Allantoin has emerged as a key modulator in plant abiotic stress tolerance. To evaluate its protective role, Brassica napus plants were subjected to 50 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl2) with or without exogenous allantoin supplementation (2, 5 and 8 mM), and the growth, physiological, biochemical and gene expression parameters were examined. Under 50 µM Cd stress, 5 mM allantoin (CA5) treatment demonstrated optimal alleviation of Cd stress toxicity, increasing plant height by 10% and significantly enhancing shoot and root fresh weights by 65% and 49%, compared to Cd alone. Moreover, CA5 reduced Cd accumulation in leaves and roots by 45% and 29%, while restoring chlorophyll a (56%), carotenoid (42%), and net photosynthetic rate (57%). Mechanistically, CA5 suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (55% reduction in root O2·− and 20% decrease in leaf H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (28% lower MDA content), while enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD, 30%) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, 163%) activities. Osmoprotectant analysis showed 98%, 105%, and 75% increase in soluble sugars, proline, and free amino acid, respectively. Compared to Cd treatment, gene expression profiling of CA5 significantly downregulated Cd transporter genes BnABCC1 to 0.43-fold, BnHMA3-like to 0.07-fold, and BnHMA4 to 0.63-fold compared with Cd treatment, while upregulating antioxidant genes BnCu/ZnSOD and BnCAT to 2.34-fold, respectively. This study simultaneously demonstrates the mechanisms through which CA5 increased plants height and biomass, boosts photosynthetic capacity, enhances enzymatic activity and suppresses ROS. These results provide critical insights for developing eco-friendly environments to enhance crop resilience in Cd-contaminated conditions.