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<p>Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) constitute a diverse class of plant secondary metabolites showcasing a range of pharmacological activities. While the biosynthetic pathways of several BIAs have been established, the timing of BIA onset and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a time‑course analysis measuring BIAs and multiple signaling molecules, revealing dynamic changes in key metabolite groups during the early stages of <i>Papaver rhoeas</i> development. The rhoeadine-type BIAs exhibited increased levels during cotyledon emergence, 4 days after imbibition. This coincided with an increase in protopine, a key intermediate in rhoeadine alkaloid production. Concurrent with the initiation of BIA production, there were changes in neurotransmitter profiles and phytohormone classes. Specifically, cytokinins (CKs), <i>trans</i>-zeatin riboside, <i>trans</i>-zeatin riboside O-glucoside, and 2-methylthio-zeatin riboside (2MeSZR) showed a strong positive correlation with the production of BIAs. Exogenous application of 2MeSZR and <i>trans</i>-zeatin altered BIA dynamics, with 2MeSZR causing the most pronounced enhancement of BIA production and a distinct reprogramming of various BIA branch pathways. This study provides the first detailed characterization of the timing, nature, and magnitude of CK-mediated effects on secondary metabolism, offering new insight into the onset and regulation of BIA biosynthesis. Furthermore, the observation that neurotransmitter temporal dynamics mirrored those of BIAs suggests they may play a coordinated role alongside CKs in initiating BIA production or point to a potentially integrated regulatory network in which CKs may influence both BIA biosynthesis and associated neurotransmitter pathways.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Targeted Profiling of Signaling Molecules in Papaver rhoeas L. Reveals that Onset and Control of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis Corresponds with Cytokinins, Independent of Light

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Zeynab Azimychetabi,
  • Anna B. Kisiala,
  • Erin N. Morrison,
  • Scott C. Farrow,
  • R. J. Neil Emery

摘要

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) constitute a diverse class of plant secondary metabolites showcasing a range of pharmacological activities. While the biosynthetic pathways of several BIAs have been established, the timing of BIA onset and the mechanisms regulating their biosynthesis remain poorly understood. To address this gap, we conducted a time‑course analysis measuring BIAs and multiple signaling molecules, revealing dynamic changes in key metabolite groups during the early stages of Papaver rhoeas development. The rhoeadine-type BIAs exhibited increased levels during cotyledon emergence, 4 days after imbibition. This coincided with an increase in protopine, a key intermediate in rhoeadine alkaloid production. Concurrent with the initiation of BIA production, there were changes in neurotransmitter profiles and phytohormone classes. Specifically, cytokinins (CKs), trans-zeatin riboside, trans-zeatin riboside O-glucoside, and 2-methylthio-zeatin riboside (2MeSZR) showed a strong positive correlation with the production of BIAs. Exogenous application of 2MeSZR and trans-zeatin altered BIA dynamics, with 2MeSZR causing the most pronounced enhancement of BIA production and a distinct reprogramming of various BIA branch pathways. This study provides the first detailed characterization of the timing, nature, and magnitude of CK-mediated effects on secondary metabolism, offering new insight into the onset and regulation of BIA biosynthesis. Furthermore, the observation that neurotransmitter temporal dynamics mirrored those of BIAs suggests they may play a coordinated role alongside CKs in initiating BIA production or point to a potentially integrated regulatory network in which CKs may influence both BIA biosynthesis and associated neurotransmitter pathways.

Graphical Abstract