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<p>Calcium (Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺) signaling plays a pivotal role in plant defense responses against pests and pathogens, serving as an early and highly coordinated intracellular messenger. Upon biotic stress perception, Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ channels mediate rapid Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ influx, triggering downstream signaling pathways that activate defense-associated genes, secondary metabolite production, and hormonal pathways. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ channel activation, the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ fluxes, and their crosstalk with phytohormones and other signaling pathways. We further highlight the role of key Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ sensors, such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CBL-CIPK) complexes, and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in decoding Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺ signals. In addition to this, emerging biotechnological approaches to enhance Ca<sup>2</sup>⁺-mediated resistance in crops like <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>, <i>Zea mays</i>, and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has also been discussed. Understanding these mechanisms will provide valuable insights for developing new strategies to enhance plant resilience against evolving pest and pathogen threats under changing environmental conditions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Calcium Channels and Intracellular Calcium Signaling: An Early Plant Defense Response against Pests and Pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月5日

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  • Priya Yadav,
  • Diksha Taneja,
  • Ashima Nehra,
  • Mohammad Wahid Ansari,
  • Narendra Tuteja,
  • Baljinder Singh,
  • Ritu Gill,
  • Sarvajeet Singh Gill

摘要

Calcium (Ca2⁺) signaling plays a pivotal role in plant defense responses against pests and pathogens, serving as an early and highly coordinated intracellular messenger. Upon biotic stress perception, Ca2⁺ channels mediate rapid Ca2⁺ influx, triggering downstream signaling pathways that activate defense-associated genes, secondary metabolite production, and hormonal pathways. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying Ca2⁺ channel activation, the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2⁺ fluxes, and their crosstalk with phytohormones and other signaling pathways. We further highlight the role of key Ca2⁺ sensors, such as calmodulins (CaMs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CBL-CIPK) complexes, and calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) in decoding Ca2⁺ signals. In addition to this, emerging biotechnological approaches to enhance Ca2⁺-mediated resistance in crops like Nicotiana tabacum, Zea mays, and Arabidopsis thaliana has also been discussed. Understanding these mechanisms will provide valuable insights for developing new strategies to enhance plant resilience against evolving pest and pathogen threats under changing environmental conditions.

Graphical Abstract