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<p>Secondary metabolites (SMs) are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by plants that play vital roles in defense, adaptation, and ecological interactions. These compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins are not directly involved in growth or development but are essential for plant survival under stress conditions. SMs contribute significantly to plant protection against biotic stresses such as pathogens, pests, and herbivores, as well as abiotic challenges like drought, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and extreme temperatures. In addition to their protective roles, secondary metabolites mediate growth-defense trade-offs, allelopathic behavior, and interactions with pollinators and beneficial soil microbes. Recent advances in genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and multi-omics approaches have enabled the manipulation of SM biosynthetic pathways for improved crop resilience and stress tolerance. Moreover, the integration of plant-microbe interactions, signaling molecules such as salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid, and transcriptional regulation has opened new avenues for enhancing SM production in a sustainable and targeted manner. The agricultural significance of these compounds continues to grow, particularly as natural alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals in pest and disease management. This review provides an in-depth examination of the classification, biosynthesis, regulatory mechanisms, stress-responsive functions, and biotechnological applications of plant secondary metabolites, highlighting their crucial role in sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience.</p>

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Transcriptional Regulation and Functional Dynamics of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Adaptation and Defense

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Anjuman Ayub,
  • Zehra khan,
  • Noureddine Elboughdiri,
  • Suhaib Mohd Malik,
  • Mehvish Ayub,
  • Karim Kriaa,
  • Chemseddine Maatki,
  • Bilel Hadrich,
  • Reena Singh,
  • Atif Khurshid Wani

摘要

Secondary metabolites (SMs) are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by plants that play vital roles in defense, adaptation, and ecological interactions. These compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins are not directly involved in growth or development but are essential for plant survival under stress conditions. SMs contribute significantly to plant protection against biotic stresses such as pathogens, pests, and herbivores, as well as abiotic challenges like drought, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and extreme temperatures. In addition to their protective roles, secondary metabolites mediate growth-defense trade-offs, allelopathic behavior, and interactions with pollinators and beneficial soil microbes. Recent advances in genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and multi-omics approaches have enabled the manipulation of SM biosynthetic pathways for improved crop resilience and stress tolerance. Moreover, the integration of plant-microbe interactions, signaling molecules such as salicylic acid and Jasmonic acid, and transcriptional regulation has opened new avenues for enhancing SM production in a sustainable and targeted manner. The agricultural significance of these compounds continues to grow, particularly as natural alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals in pest and disease management. This review provides an in-depth examination of the classification, biosynthesis, regulatory mechanisms, stress-responsive functions, and biotechnological applications of plant secondary metabolites, highlighting their crucial role in sustainable agriculture and environmental resilience.