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<p>Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are central transcriptional regulators that integrate plant development with environmental signalling, yet their functional diversification and roles in stress response remain poorly characterized in mulberry (<i>Morus</i> spp.). Here, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of <i>ARF</i> gene families across three <i>Morus</i> species, revealing conserved domain architecture, phylogenetic classification, and syntenic relationships. Promoter analysis and expression profiling uncovered dynamic, tissue-specific and hormone-responsive regulation of multiple <i>MiARFs</i>. Among them, <i>MiARF13</i> displayed strong induction under ABA and salicylic acid (SA) treatments and was selected for functional characterization. Transgenic overexpression analyses demonstrated that <i>MiARF13</i> promotes seed germination, root elongation, and leaf expansion, while enhancing stress resilience. Under osmotic and ABA treatments, <i>MiARF13</i>-overexpressing lines exhibited improved root architecture and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In contrast, flg22-triggered immune stimulation led to enhanced ROS production, indicating stimulus-dependent redox modulation. These findings establish MiARF13 as a transcriptional integrator linking auxin signalling with hormonal crosstalk and immune activation. Collectively, this work provides a comparative genomic framework for <i>ARF</i> evolution in mulberry and identifies MiARF13 as a context-responsive regulator balancing growth and adaptive stress signalling.</p>

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Genome-Wide Analysis and Functional Characterization of MiARF13 Reveal Its Role in Coordinating Growth and Stress Resilience in Mulberry (Morus indica)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Chanchal Singhal,
  • Arunima Singh,
  • Ridhi Khurana,
  • Arun Kumar Sharma,
  • Paramjit Khurana

摘要

Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are central transcriptional regulators that integrate plant development with environmental signalling, yet their functional diversification and roles in stress response remain poorly characterized in mulberry (Morus spp.). Here, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of ARF gene families across three Morus species, revealing conserved domain architecture, phylogenetic classification, and syntenic relationships. Promoter analysis and expression profiling uncovered dynamic, tissue-specific and hormone-responsive regulation of multiple MiARFs. Among them, MiARF13 displayed strong induction under ABA and salicylic acid (SA) treatments and was selected for functional characterization. Transgenic overexpression analyses demonstrated that MiARF13 promotes seed germination, root elongation, and leaf expansion, while enhancing stress resilience. Under osmotic and ABA treatments, MiARF13-overexpressing lines exhibited improved root architecture and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In contrast, flg22-triggered immune stimulation led to enhanced ROS production, indicating stimulus-dependent redox modulation. These findings establish MiARF13 as a transcriptional integrator linking auxin signalling with hormonal crosstalk and immune activation. Collectively, this work provides a comparative genomic framework for ARF evolution in mulberry and identifies MiARF13 as a context-responsive regulator balancing growth and adaptive stress signalling.