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<p>The 20S proteasome is crucial for cellular homeostasis, functioning in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent non-lysosomal pathway across organisms, including maize (<i>Zea mays</i>). This study identified and characterized 31 maize 20S proteasome genes, comprising 19 maize α-subunits (ZmPA) and 12 maize β-subunits (ZmPB), distributed unevenly across 9 chromosomes, with chromosomes 7 and 9 containing the most (5 genes each). <i>ZmPA</i> genes ranged from 1,096 to 8,838&#xa0;bp, while <i>ZmPB</i> genes spanned 2,603 to 10,262&#xa0;bp. Most genes were located in chromosome terminal regions, with some near centromeres. Six genes underwent segmental duplication, contributing to gene family expansion. Additionally, 34 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were found in 15 genes, with di-nucleotide motifs being the most frequent. CIS-regulatory elements analysis revealed light-sensitive, phytohormone-responsive, and stress-related regulatory elements, indicating the genes’ complex regulation. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses showed evolutionary conservation with proteasome genes from rice and wheat, suggesting functional conservation across species. MicroRNA investigation identified <i>ZmPAA1</i>,<i> ZmPAB1</i>, and Z<i>mPAB</i>2 as key miRNA targets, emphasizing their post-transcriptional regulation.Expression profiling showed that several ZmPA/ZmPB genes were highly expressed in root, shoot, and embryo tissues, with ZmPBE1 exhibiting the highest overall expression level. Notably, <i>ZmPBE1</i> emerged as the primary stress-responsive gene. It displayed significantly increased expression under drought stress in the tolerant genotype CM140, reaching an 11.34-fold increase at 72 hours. Similarly, under waterlogging stress, <i>ZmPBE1</i> showed a strong upregulation in genotype I172, with a 13.71-fold increase at 24 hours. These results suggest that <i>ZmPBE1</i> plays a crucial and time-dependent role in maize adaptation to different abiotic stress conditions.</p>

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Evolutionary Dynamics and Abiotic Stress Responses of 20S Proteasome Gene Family in Maize (Zea mays L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Hemant Sharma,
  • Shoeb Ahmed,
  • Rahul Kumar

摘要

The 20S proteasome is crucial for cellular homeostasis, functioning in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent non-lysosomal pathway across organisms, including maize (Zea mays). This study identified and characterized 31 maize 20S proteasome genes, comprising 19 maize α-subunits (ZmPA) and 12 maize β-subunits (ZmPB), distributed unevenly across 9 chromosomes, with chromosomes 7 and 9 containing the most (5 genes each). ZmPA genes ranged from 1,096 to 8,838 bp, while ZmPB genes spanned 2,603 to 10,262 bp. Most genes were located in chromosome terminal regions, with some near centromeres. Six genes underwent segmental duplication, contributing to gene family expansion. Additionally, 34 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were found in 15 genes, with di-nucleotide motifs being the most frequent. CIS-regulatory elements analysis revealed light-sensitive, phytohormone-responsive, and stress-related regulatory elements, indicating the genes’ complex regulation. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses showed evolutionary conservation with proteasome genes from rice and wheat, suggesting functional conservation across species. MicroRNA investigation identified ZmPAA1, ZmPAB1, and ZmPAB2 as key miRNA targets, emphasizing their post-transcriptional regulation.Expression profiling showed that several ZmPA/ZmPB genes were highly expressed in root, shoot, and embryo tissues, with ZmPBE1 exhibiting the highest overall expression level. Notably, ZmPBE1 emerged as the primary stress-responsive gene. It displayed significantly increased expression under drought stress in the tolerant genotype CM140, reaching an 11.34-fold increase at 72 hours. Similarly, under waterlogging stress, ZmPBE1 showed a strong upregulation in genotype I172, with a 13.71-fold increase at 24 hours. These results suggest that ZmPBE1 plays a crucial and time-dependent role in maize adaptation to different abiotic stress conditions.